I

Question 1

Preventive medicine can be categorized as three things, what are they?

Answer 1

1. Primary - aims to remove / reduce disease risk factors
2. Secondary - promotes early detection of disease
3. Tertiary (prevention) - aimed at limiting the impact of established disease

Question 2

Complete the sentence

Diagnoses of pneumonia should be confirmed by ____

Answer 2

Chest X-ray (CXR)

Question 3

Short for?

POCUS

Answer 3

Point Of Care Ultrasonography

Question 4

Explain

Dyspnea

Answer 4

Feeling short of breath

Question 5

Short for?

ABG

Answer 5

Arterial Blood Gas

Question 6

Explain

Spirometry

Answer 6

Lung function test that measures the amount of air a patient can breath in and out + the duration of the exhale

Question 7

Explain

Lactic acidosis

Answer 7

A condition where lactic acid (a byproduct of a normal metabolism) build up in the bloodstream, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pH

Question 8

Explain

Hypoxemia

Answer 8

When oxygen levels are lower than normal

Question 9

Explain

Hypercapnea

Answer 9

A condition where there’s an abnormally high amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood

Question 10

Define

Emergent

Answer 10

In the process of becoming prominent

Question 11

True or False

A delirious or obtained patient with obstructive lung disease warrants immediate measurment of ABGs to exclude hypercapnia and the need for intubation, regardless of oxygen saturation

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Explain

NT - probBNP

Answer 12

N - terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide

A protein released by the heart when it’s under stress or when the heart muscle stretches due to fluid overload

Question 13

Explain

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy

Answer 13

Temporary weakening of the heart’s muscle, mimicing a heart attack, usually triggered by an emotional or physical stress

Also known as stress cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome

Takotsubo is named after a Japanese octopus trap, because of the resemblance of the heart in imaging

Question 14

Explain

Pneumothorax

Answer 14

“Collapsed lung” occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall

This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse

Question 15

Explain

Intracardiac shunt

Answer 15

An abnormal opening / connection within the heart that allows blood flow between chambers / vessels that bypasses the normal circulation

This can lead to mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, potentially causing various health problems

Question 16

Explain

Pleural effusion

Answer 16

Accumulation of excessive fluid around the lungs (pleural space)

Question 17

Explain

Diffusive alveolar hemmorage (DAH)

Answer 17

A serious condition where there is bleeding into the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung, this is life treathening

DAH is not a disease itself, but a manifestation of various conditions

It results from a damaged alveolar-capillary membrane, which separates the air and the blood in the lungs

Question 18

Explain

Methemoglobinemia

Answer 18

A condition where there’s an elevated level of methemoglobin in the blood (a form of hemoglobin that can not bind to oxygen)

This leads to a reduction in the body’s oxygen-carrying capacity, which can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the severity and underlying cause

Question 19

Explain

Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 19

High blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs (pulmonary arteries) - A serious condition that can damage the right side of the heart

The walls of the pulmonary arteries become thick and stiff and can not expand as well to allow blood trough