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A&P II > I Blood & Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

I Blood & Cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Blood

A
  1. Transportation - O2, CO2, Nutrients, Waste
  2. Regulation - temperature, pH, Osmotic Fluid Balance
  3. Protection - Immune functions, clotting
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2
Q

Transportation Function of Blood

A

O2, CO2, Nutrients, waste

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3
Q

Regulation function of blood

A

temperature, pH, Osmotic fluid balance

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4
Q

Protection Function of Blood

A

Immune functions, clotting

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5
Q

Blood pH

A

7.4

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6
Q

Blood volume

A

Men 5-6 liters, women 4-5 liters

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7
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Albumens, Globulins, Fibrinogen

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8
Q

Function of Albumen and %

A

55-60% viscosity, osmotic pressure, transport

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9
Q

Function of Globulin and %

A

35-38% Disease fighting antibodies, transport

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10
Q

Function of Fibrinogen

A

4-7% Blood clotting

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11
Q

Origins of plasma proteins

A

Liver - 90% albumens, fibrogen, transport globulins

Lymphocytes - immunoglobins

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12
Q

Three formed elements of blood

A

Thrombocytes
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes

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13
Q

Functions of Erthyrocytes

A

Carry O2, CO2. Determine blood viscosity

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14
Q

Structure of Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave, no nucleus (coughdrop)

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15
Q

Lifespan of Erythrocyte

A

120 days

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16
Q

Can erythrocytes divide?

A

Nope.

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17
Q

Definition of Hemopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cells in red blood marrow

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18
Q

What are Hemocytoblasts?

A

Stem cells that divide to form red and white blood cells

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19
Q

what are “blasts”?

A

Prescursor cells - step between stem cell and formed element

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20
Q

Myeloid stem cells divide into…

A

Erythrocytes
Platlets
Monocytes
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

NOT: B, T Lymphocyte

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21
Q

Lymphoid stem cells divide into…

A

B Lymphocyte

T Lymphocyte

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22
Q

Pluripotent Stem cells:

A

Found in tissues and orgrans
form ALL THE DIFFERENT CELLS of the SAME tissue
(ie Hemocytoblast forms all cells =of blood)

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23
Q

Totipotent stems cells

A

within 48 hours of fertilizaiton - capable of becoming a complete organism

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24
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Germ cells - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
In embryonic stage.
Capable of forming different tissues

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25
Erythropoiesis
Formation of red blood cells. 3 million per second Takes 12-15 days Regulated by hormone erythropoietin
26
Erythropoietin
Regulates RBC production Produced by KIDNEY Negative feedback loop
27
RBC Formation Process**
1a. Hemocytoblasts (become) ----> 1b. Erythrocyte Colony Forming Unit (CFU) have nucleus, form hemoglobin 2. Erythroblast hemoglobin increases nucleus shrinks cell shrinks 3. Reticuloycte loses nucleus enters circulation 4. Mature Erythrocyte
28
RBC breakdown
1. Macrophages engulf dying cell 2. Hemoglobin broken down globin --> amino acids released/reused heme --> converted to bilirubin 3. Bilirubin - goes to liver excreted in bile; removed with feces and urine 4. Iron - binds to plasma protein , returns to bone marrow
29
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells
30
Functions of Leukocytes
Defend against infections Remove toxins and wastes Movements Move out of blood and into tissue Attracted to chemicals from pathogens or damaged cells Some are phagocytotic - engulf cells, wastes
31
Types of Leukocytes
Granular - Neutrophil, Basophils, Eosinophils | Agranular - Lymphocytes, Monocytes
32
Neutrophil (%, Function, Feature)
60-70% of WBC Phagocytize bacteria Whole bunch of lobes. Granular.
33
Neutrophil releases (2)
Inflammation producing prostoglandins | Phagocyte attracting leukotrines
34
Eosinophils (%, Function, Feature)
``` 2-4% of WBC Kills parasites Increase during allergic reactions *Reduce inflammation Two lobes, connected by a thread. Granular. ```
35
Basophils (%, Function, Feature)
``` ~1% of WBC Releases histamine CAUSES inflammation Releases Heparin to prevent clotting Increases during allergic reactions Granular as shit. Looks like a bunch of dots. ```
36
Which Leukocyte releases heparin to reduce clotting?
basophil
37
Which Leukocyte releases histamine to CAUSE inflammation
Basophil
38
Monocytes (%, Function, Feature)
3-8% WBC Leaves blood - BECOMES macrophages Engulfs microbes, esp. viruses Kidney shaped nucleus
39
Lymphocytes (%, Function, Feature)
``` 25-33% of WBC Moves between tissues and blood Three types T cells B cells NK cells Dot in a dot ```
40
T cells function (lymphocyte)
cellular immunity - attacks foreign cells, attracts other lympocytes
41
B cells function (lymphocyte)
Humoral immunity - produces antibodies - destroy foreign antigens
42
NK Cells
Detect and destroy abnormal tissue cells - cancer
43
Platlets (Function, Features)
``` Fragments of cells Functions: Clotting Dissolve old clots Plug at site of injury Contract wound to aid healing ```
44
Lifespan of platlets
9-12 days
45
Hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding
46
Steps of hemostasis*
1. Vascular spasm vasoconstriction 2. Platelet plug formation 3 .Blood clotting
47
Vascular Spasm (definition, causes)
Rapid constriction of injured blood vessel Caused by: Pain receptors in wall Injury to smooth muscle Release serotonin
48
Vascular Spasm - effects
Vascular contraction - smooth muscle wall constricts Rapid! Reduces blood loss
49
Platelet Plug Formation process
w/in 15 seconds of injury 1. Contact sticky collagen fibers 2. Enlarge to become sticky-platelet aggregation 3. form Platelet Plug!
50
Chemicals Released by Platelets
ADP - stimulate platelet aggregations Thromboxane A2 - " Serotonin - stimulates vascular constriction
51
Clotting timeline
beings 15-30 seconds | Requires 3-5 minutes
52
Components required for clotting
13 procoagulants Vitamin K Ca++
53
*Extrinsic Pathway to clotting(3 steps)
1. Blood is released into tissues surrounding blood vessels 2. Damaged cells release tissue factor (Thromboplastin) and Ca++ 3. Activation of clotting FACTOR X
54
*Intrinsic Pathway to clotting (4ish steps)
1. Blood vessel endothelium ruptures 2. Collagen fibers are exposed 3. Platelets cling and attract + release 4. Bunch more steps to CLOTTING FACTOR X
55
*Common Pathway to Clotting (4 steps)
1. Factor X -> Prothrombianse 2. Prothrombin ---(prthmbnse)--> Thrombin 3. Fibrinogen----(thrombin)--> fibrin threads 4. Clot shrinks
56
Factors that prevent clotting
1. Heparin + Antithrombin Produced by (Basophils) + (Liver) Inhibit thrombin formation 2. Smooth lining of blood vessels Will not attract platelets 3. Rapid flow of blood
57
Physical Characteristics of blood
``` pH 7.4 100.4 F serum (no fibers) plasma (has fibers) formed elements hemocrit ```
58
Hemocrit %
Male 47 +/- 5% | Female 42 +/- 4%
59
Major differences between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways
Extrinsic - starts w/ trauma to vascular wall Intrinsic - trauma of the blood (ie blood comes into contact with exposed collagen) from damaged endothelial walls Typically work simultaneously. After activating FACTOR X, they're basically the same.
60
Thromboplastin
Released along with Ca++ by damaged tissues in Extrinsic Coagulation pathway
61
Site of Hemopoiesis in FETUS
Spleen, liver, lymph nodes
62
Sites of Hematopoiesis: Infant/Child
Mainly long bones - femur tibula
63
Sites of Hematopoiesis: Adult
Flat bones + end of long bones Pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, sternum 1. Marrow production limited to flat bones and the ends of the long bones. 2. Marrow is progressively replaced by fat.
64
Site of Hematopoiesis: Embryo
Yolk Sac - blood islands
65
Define Anemia
abnormal reduction in RBCs or Hemoglobin (hematocrit <35%)
66
Erhthrocytosis or Polychthemia
Abnormal increase in RBC (hematocrit >65%)
67
Leucocytosis
Increase in total WBCs > 11,000/ul
68
Leuconpenia
Reduction in total WBCs <3,000/ul
69
Neutrophilia
increase in neutrophils
70
Neutropenia
reduction in neutrophils
71
Eosinophilia
increase in eosinophils
72
Basophilia
increase in basophils
73
Lymphocytosis
increase in lympohocytes
74
Lymphopenia
reduction in lymphocytes
75
Monocytosis
increase in monocytes
76
Thrombocytosis
increase in platelets
77
Thrombocytopenia
reduction in platlets
78
Thrombocytes
Platelets
79
--philia
increase
80
--penia
reduction
81
--tosis
increase?

A&P II (13 decks)

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