I&D Cytokines

Question 1

Function of IL-1

Answer 1

Inflammation
Activates endothelial cells
Fever
Triggers IL-6 production

Question 2

Function of IL-2

Answer 2

T cell proliferation

T reg differentiation

Question 3

Function of IL-3

Answer 3

Macrophage differentiation

Maturation of hematopoietic lineages

Question 4

Function of IL-4

Answer 4

Th2 differentiation (extracellular pathogens and parasites)
Transcription factors activated = STAT-6 and GATA-3

B cell proliferation and class switching to IgG1 (agglutination, opsonization, complement activation, neutralize toxins) and IgE (helminth immunity)

Question 5

Function of IL-5

Answer 5

B cell differentiation to Plasma Cells
Class switching to IgA (mucous membranes, GI tract)
Activates Eosinophils (parasites)

Question 6

Function of IL-6

Answer 6

Pro-Inflammatory: Fever, Acute phase reaction (includes IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha)

Plasma cell differentiation

Th17 differentiation (protect against extracellular bacteria)

Question 7

Function of IL-7

Answer 7

B and T cell development

Memory T cell development

Question 8

Function of IL-10

Answer 8

Inhibits Macrophages

Released by T reg to dampen immune response

Question 9

Function of IL-12

Answer 9

NK cell activation
Th1 differentiation (intracellular viruses) - Transcription factors activated = STAT-4 and T-bet

Question 10

Function of IL-13

Answer 10

B cell class switching to IgE (helminths)
Macrophages alternate activation

Question 11

Function of IL-15

Answer 11

Proliferation of memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells

Question 12

Function of IL-17

Answer 12

Released by Th17 and signals Macrophages and Endothelial cells to release cytokines and chemokines

Question 13

Function of TNF-alpha

Answer 13

Pro-inflammatory:
endothelial cell activation
fever
follicular dendritic cell activation - release CXCL13 to attract lymphoid cells to create B cell germinal centers

long term/cancer = cachexia (wasting)

Question 14

Function of TGF-beta

Answer 14

Treg differentiation
Th17 differentiationi
B cell class switching to IgG2, IgA
Inhibits macrophages

Question 15

Function of IFN-gamma

Answer 15

Activates macrophages
Th1 differentiation (intracellular pathogens/virus) - activates transcription factors STAT-4 and T-bet
B cell class switching to IgG

Question 16

Function of IFN-alpha

Answer 16

inhibits viral replication
increases MHC I expression
activates NK cells

Question 17

Function of IFN-beta

Answer 17

inhibits viral replication

activates NK cells

Question 18

Function of GCSF/MCSF/GMCSF

Answer 18

granulocyte/monocyte differentiation

stem cell recruitment

Question 19

Function of Histamine

Answer 19

Vasodilation
Increase vascular permeability
Endothelial cell activation

Question 20

Function of Prostacyclin

Answer 20

Vasodilation

Question 21

Function of Thromboxane

Answer 21

Vasoconstriction (opposed Histamine and Prostacycline and Leukotrienes)
Immediate inflammatory response to injury to allow clotting

Question 22

Function of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

Answer 22

Pain

CNS mediator of fever

Question 23

Function of Leukotrienes

Answer 23

vascular permeability

brochoconstriction

Question 24

Function of Lymphotoxin (LT)

Answer 24

Follicular dendritic cell differentiation - attract lymphocytes to make B cell germinal centers

Question 25

Function of Complement C1-C4

Answer 25

Opsonization | Defect = infections with encapsulated bacteria

Question 26

Function of Complement C5-C9

Answer 26

membrane attack complex | Defect = nisseria meningitidis infection (meningitis)

Question 27

Function of Bradykinin

Answer 27

Pain | Endothelium dependent vasodilation and increased permeability

Question 28

Function of CXCL8 (IL-8)

Answer 28

chemotactic factor to attract neutrophils

Question 29

Function of CCL2 (MCP-1)

Answer 29

Macrophage recruitment

Question 30

Function of CCL3 (MIP-1alpha)

Answer 30

T cell recuritment | major HIV suppressive factor

Question 31

Function of CCL5 (RANTES)

Answer 31

Recruits range of immune cells including monocytes, memory T cells, eosinophils

Question 32

Function of CCL19 (MIP3beta) and CCL21 (SLC)

Answer 32

Recruitment of naive B and T cells to secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 33

Function of CCL11 (eotaxin)

Answer 33

Recruit eosinophils

Question 34

Function of CCL18

Answer 34

DC cells release to recruit naive T cells

Question 35

Function of CCL25

Answer 35

T cell recruitment to gut epithelium

Question 36

Function of CXCL13

Answer 36

B cell recruitment to primary follicle

Question 37

Th1 cells: What activates them? What transcription factors? What cytokines to they release?

Answer 37

(Th1 cells) Activated by: IFN-gamma, IL-12 TFs: STAT-3, T-bet Release: IFN-gamma

Question 38

``` Th17 cells: What activates them? What transcription factors? What cytokines to they release? What inhibits them? ```

Answer 38

``` (Th17 cells) Activated by: TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-23 TFs: ROR-gamma-T, STAT-3 Release: IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 Inhibited by: IFN-gamma, IL-4 ```

Question 39

Th-2 Cells: What activates them? What transcription factors? What cytokines to they release?

Answer 39

(Th2 cells) Activated by: IL-4 TFs: STAT-6, GATA-3 Releases: IL-4

Question 40

``` T reg cells: What activates them? What transcription factors? What cytokines to they release? Inhibited by? ```

Answer 40

``` (T reg cells) Activated by: TGF-beta TFs: Foxp3, STAT-5 Releases: TGF-beta, IL-10 Inhibited by: IL-6 ```

Question 41

Function of NO

Answer 41

smooth muscle relaxation; vasodilation