I don't even know anymore Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Where was the dust bowl?
A
Colorado,Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba,
2
Q
When was the dust bowl in the US?
A
1932-1939
3
Q
What were dust storms like during the dust bowl?
A
- shut off all light
- engulfed whole towns
- got in eyes, mouth, lungs
- winds blew continuously
- heavy dust everywhere
4
Q
What were farming conditions like out west before 1932 in the US?
A
1931 had record breaking crop 1000s of eager settlers -rich soil -lots of eager investors -wheat prices during WWI were at their highest
5
Q
What farming practices led to the dust bowl?
A
- raked land to get everything possible out
- plowed country they shouldn’t have
- dry farming
- not keeping fallow
6
Q
How many acres could be plowed by tractors in a day in 1920s?
A
50
7
Q
What happened to farm land when the dust storms came?
A
- 1000s of years worth or rich topsoil blown away
- began to resemble WWI battlefields
- static electricity killed anything left
8
Q
How many acres were ruined by dust storms?
A
100 million
9
Q
How many dust storms occurred in 1932 and 1933 in the US?
A
32: 19
33: 38
Became increasingly frequent
10
Q
How did people try to tolerate the dust storms?
A
- hung wet sheets in windows
- stuffed window panes
- windmills provided drinking water from wells
11
Q
What did red, black, and grey sand mean?
A
Red: Oklahoma
Black: Kansas
Grey: Colorado, New Mexico
12
Q
How were people affected by the dust bowl?
A
- became depressed
- began to starve
- abandoned farms, looked for work in the cities
- banks repossessed houses
- liquidated savings
- lost young children
- 1000s died of pneumonia
13
Q
What other threat accompanied the dust bowl in the US in 1936?
A
- little bit of rain, crops were planted
- 40 000 jack rabbits came from hills and ate everything
- farmers club rabbits to death
14
Q
What year in Canada saw the highest prices and a bumper crop?
A
1928, just before dust bowl
15
Q
When did Canada declare a state of emergency regarding the dust bowl?
A
1931
16
Q
What relief efforts occurred in Canada for the dust bowl?
A
- people went to train depos to get dried goods
- only given what scientifically required to keep you alive
- always the same food
- provinces sent donations of food en mass
- used any container than could be pushed to transport them
- like Christmas
17
Q
What were locust swarms like during the dust bowl?
A
- everything covered 1-2” thick
- black cloud
- ate everything, even clothes on the line
18
Q
What ratio of people of Saskatchewan had to line up for aid during the dust bowl?
A
2/3
19
Q
What was the net farming income in 1928 and 1933?
A
28: $368 million
33: $11 million
20
Q
How much were relief costs for the dust bowl in Saskatchewan?
A
- $62 million
- higher than revenues
21
Q
How many people left their farms 1931-1941?
A
250 000
22
Q
What did the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (dust bowl) find?
A
- Great depression was worst in Saskatchewan
- Sask. economically vulnerable
- lack of trade and high tariffs hurt Sask. export based economy
23
Q
What political party was started in the late 1930s and what did they stand for?
A
- Co-Operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)
- protection for farms
- supported organized labour
- demanded insurance programs
- demanded equal opportunities for all
24
Q
What changes did the dust bowl produce?
A
- healthier farming practices
- gave rise to political change
- people demanded stronger voice
- provinces expected help from government during hard times
25
What was the unemployment rate in 1929, Oct. 1929, 1933?
1%, 10%, 20%
26
What year during the depression does the Canadian government start stepping in with aid?
1932
27
During the depression, what percent of people were living below the poverty line?
56%
28
What were wages like for the average man before and after the depression?
$900/year to $300/year
29
What percent of people were earning over $1500/year during the depression?
20+%
30
What was the price of bread before and after the depression?
35 cents to 5 cents
31
Draw a bust economic cycle
Reduced demand for products, manufactures decrease production or cut back expenditures, Employees laid off or incomes rolled back. About 30%, general population has less money, buy less products because income in unreliable
32
What is the "protestec work ethic"?
- if you work hard you will be successful
| - there were "deserving poor" and undeserving
33
Who was PM Bennett?
- elected in 1930
- self made millionaire
- people thought he would fix the economy
- most hated prime minister
- decided to cut government spending
- didn't want to give out charity
- set up dole
34
How often was the dole given out?
Every two weeks
35
What were the rules to qualify for the dole?
1. Prove not able to support yourself and have no relative who could
2. Be a man supporting a family
3. Had to be a resident of municipality for one year
4. Turn in liquour license
5. Turn in automobile license
6. Remove telephone for house
7. Register at unemployment office to show willingness to work
8. Work on municipal projects from time to time
9. Allow relief office investigators to inspect at any time
36
When were the Dionne Quintuplets born?
1934
37
What was the Dionne family like?
- typical depression family
- Oliva (father) more well off than most. Had a truck, not in debt
- Elzire (mother)
- Lived near North Bay in Callander
- Already had 5 children
- French Canadian
38
What were the first 5 Dionne children?
Daniel, Pauline, Ernest, Rose, Therese
39
What happens during the birth of the Dionne quints?
- babies less than two pounds
- Dr. Defoe called
- three already born when he gets there
- put the babies in a roasting pan when they were born
40
What was so amazing about the Dionne Quints?
-first all identical quintuplets to survive naturally born
41
What media attention did the Quints get?
Always in a newspaper somewhere for the first 10 years of their life
42
What happens to the Quints shortly after they are born?
- Dr. Defoe brings in nurses to help with feeding
- Oliva approached by World's Fair
- offers to pay $1 million to display quints for one day
- Goes to his priest
- says yes, could give children their best
- Dr. Defoe goes to judge and MP to get injunction put on parents
43
Describe Quintland
- 100 000 people come to see Quints monthly
- in North Bay
- first paved roads to there
- people come from all places
- children given specific schedule for playing
- people watched through one way glass
- souvenir shop, restaurants
- around the clock nurses
44
How does Oliva fight the government's injunction?
- 8 years of court battles
- doesn't have the money to take government to court
- opens "Oliva Dionne Souvenir Shop"
- sells stuff he had
- government forbids him
45
What was life like for the Dionne girls?
- not raised with siblings
- children given specific schedule for playing
- not allowed things like pets
- traveled, did public speaking
- stared in movies as themselves
46
When were the Quints reunited with their parents and what happens?
1943. They are 9 years old
- other children alienated
- period of reclusivness
47
How much tourism do the Quints generate?
$350 million
48
What was the trust fund the gov. set up for the Quints?
- $15 million
- used to maintain Quintland, shouldn't have been
- at age 21 each girl receives only $119 000
49
How do the Quints feel about their childhood?
Yvonne: Would have rather have had a normal childhood
50
What were the names of the Dionne Quintuplets?
Emilie, Annette, Marie, Cecile, Yvonne
51
What were the Quints lives like as adults?
- left home at 18
- 3 married, 10 children total, all divorced
- 1954: Emilie died
- 1970: Marie died
52
What did a reporter discover in 1982, leading to what?
- Cecile, Annette, and Yvonne living off $700 pension
- 1994: Petitioned government for compensation
- 1998: Gov. offers $2000/month if they don't speak publicly
- Took story to media
- Given settlement of $4 million
53
What letter did Annette, Cecile, and Yvonne send in 1997?
To McCaughey family, first septuplets born. Warned them to beware of exploiting their children
54
Who attended the Treaty of Versailles in France?
- 32 victorious countries
- Canada invented although not a country yet
- main decisions by Britain, France, and US
- Russia not there. Having a civil war
55
What did the US want from the Treaty of Versailles?
- lasting peace
- fair treatment
- free trade and disarmament
- set up League of Nations to settle future disputes
56
What did Britain want from the Treaty of Versailles?
- wanted Germany to pay
| - feared that a harsh treaty would cause Germany to seek revenge
57
What did France want from the Treaty of Versailles?
- avoid another war
- Germany should pay for damages
- wanted Germany to be too weak to attack again
58
How did the Treaty of Versailles change the map of Europe?
- Poland created
- Polish corridor takes away Germany's command of the sea, including the independent port city of Danzing
- Germany separated. Includes east Prussia
- Germany becomes smaller
- Czechoslovakia created
- Belgium bigger
- Saar Valley (coal) to France for 15 years
- Demilitarized zone created in Alsaace Lorraine
59
What was Clause 231 in the Versailles treaty?
"War Guilt Clause" Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war
60
What other restrictions were placed on Germany due to the Treaty of Versailles?
- pay full reparations for damage
- no air force or tanks
- army reduced to 100 000
- German colonies taken away
- only allowed 6 naval ships and no submarines
61
What happens in Germany after the Treaty of Versailles?
Economic depression
62
What was Germany's worst year?
1923
63
What is inflation?
Money in circulation equal to the amount of gold in the bank. If you print more money, it's worth less. Price of everything goes up
64
What caused hyperinflation in Germany?
-German government had no money so they just kept printing more
65
What effect did hyperinflation have on German citizens?
- wages kept going up. Collected in wheelbarrows
- food prices go higher than wages
- struggled or starved
- 100 million (dollar?) notes
- savings became worthless
- burned money to keep warm
- threw it away
- paid in goods
- lost faith in democracy
66
When is Hitler Der Fuhrer?
1933-1945
67
What is Nazism?
- extremely fascist, nationalistic and totalitarian
- based beliefs on National Socialist German Workers Party
- violently hated Jews, blamed for problems
- believed in superior Aryan race
- thought Germans should have "lebensraum" (living space) in Europe, necessary for another war
68
How does Hitler become dictator?
1. Becomes Chancellor
2. Reichstag Fire
3. The Enabling Act
4. Night of the Long Knives
5. Death of President Hindenburg
6. Oath of Loyalty to Hitler
69
How does Hitler become Chancellor?
1/3 of people vote for the National Socialists in 1933. Minority government, difficult to get anything done. Approached by government to become coalition government. Hitler gets Chancellor
70
What is the Reichstag Fire?
- Reichstag is the Parliament building in Germany
- burns
- Communist found in building a shot
- Hitler convinces everyone it was a terrorist act, that the Communists were trying to take over government
- Gets Communists banned from Reichstag
- President Hindenburg declares state of emergency
71
What is the Enabling Act?
- Passed March 1933
- allows Hitler to be total dictator for 4 years in times of emergency.
- Hitler bans all other political parties
72
What is the Night of the Long Knives?
- June 1934
- Hitler scared of leaders of own political party
- Kills Ernst Rohm, head of SA, and 1000 other SA members
- Army didn't like SA so Hitler got their support
73
What did the death of President Hindenburg allow?
Hitler combined role of Chancellor and President to make "Der Fuhrer"
-just got lucky
74
What was the Oath of Loyalty to Hitler?
- every soldier swore a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler
| - took oaths very seriously
75
What was life like in Hitler's Germany 1934-1938?
- economic revival
- bubbling enthusiasm
- people worshiped Hitler
- high nationalism
- people felt proud to work
76
How many people were unemployed in Germany in 1923?
50%
77
How many people were unemployed in Germany in 1934, 1935, and 1939?
7 million
2 million
<200 000
78
What is the Nazi Economic Plan?
- The Third Way
- mixture of capitalist free enterprise and state sponsored work projects
- expanded in heavy industry (re-armament)
- never allowed cut in living standards
- stops paying repartition
- declares price freeze in 1936
- wanted self sufficiency. Central Control Office controlled production of everything
- farmers offered incentives to increase food production
- 1935 reintroduced military conscription
- basically, Hitler in preparing for WWII except this time he's the only one
79
What was Hitler's philosophy regarding Youth?
- "With them I can create a new world"
| - can't change adults but children can be manipulated
80
When is "Jungbund" (young people) started?
March 8 1922
81
What are the programs Hitler sets up to "educate" youth?
in 1922, different groups for ages 6-18. At 18, did labour service then 2 years of military service
In 1934 became mandatory and age started at 3
82
What was the attraction of Hitler's youth groups?
- free, cool uniforms
- sign songs
- go camping
- secret ceremonies
- badges of merit
- survival skills
- sports
83
What was the "Reich's Youth Day" in 1932?
- held in Potsdam
- 70 000 youth came
- 40 000 expected
- band
- in military formation
84
What did Hitlers youth camps teach boys?
- be aggressive
- wrestling
- boot camp to prove how manly they were
- sense of camaraderie
- sense of national pride and devotion
- discipline and respect
85
What were Rights of Passage in Hitler's Youth groups?
- replaced similar ceremonies in the Church. Done at similar times
- biggest one from 14 to 15. Graduated school, became adults
- earned a fancy knife by secret initiation
- rededicated themselves to Hitler
- public and secret parts
86
What happens to Germany's education system in 1934?
- Hitler takes over
- all teachers Nazis
- replaces textbooks
- propaganda throughout
87
How and when does Hitler die?
April 30 1945
| Commits suicide in bunker in Berlin
88
When and how does Hitler's Jew thing start?
Sept 1935
- turn into second class citizens
- new textbooks teach children that Jews are bad
- 10s of thousands imprisoned
89
What happens at the 1936 Olympic games?
- Held in Berlin
| - Germans dominate medal stand
90
What memo does Hitler send to his men in Sept. 1936
"We must be ready for war in four years time"
91
Who is Hitler's mistress?
Eva Brown
92
How does Hitler treat Eva Brown?
- keeps her secret
- doesn't keep promises
- she is miserable
- tries to commit suicide twice
- refuses to marry her because it would hurt his image
93
When does Hitler build alliance with Italy?
Sept 28 1937
94
When does Hitler announce his takeover of Austria?
March 12 1938 No resistance put up. Thought they were being saved
95
When does Germany invade Poland?
Sept. 1 1939
96
When does WWII officially start?
Sept. 3 1939 when Britain and France declare war on Germany for invading Poland
97
What is "Blitzkrieg"?`
May 10 1930
-Germany attacks France
Catches allies off guard
-Allies on the run for 2 weeks
98
When does France formally surrender?
June 22 1930
99
What is the largest Jewish ghetto?
Warsol. 40 000. In Poland's capital
| 40-50 people die of starvation each day
100
When are Jews moved to death camps?
End of 1942
101
When does Hitler attack the Soviet Union?
June 22 1941
102
What is the attack on the Soviet Union like (Germany)
- Russians fleeing
- kills 3 million POW
- Halts attack during freezing winter then restarts
103
Why does the US join the war?
Japan (Germany's ally) bombs Pearle Harbour on Dec 7 1941
104
Who were suffragists?
Supported giving women the right to vote during WWI
105
Who was Nellie McClung?
During WWI. Suffragist
- "Women should have exactly the same freedom as men"
- born in Owen Sound, Ontario, 1873
- teacher at 16. Allowed girls to play football
- President of Women's Christian Temperance Union
106
Where and when were women first given suffrage?
Manitoba, 1916
107
What was the Wartime Elections Act?
December 1917 female relatives of soldiers could vote in the federal election
By the time the war ended almost all women over 21 could vote in federal elections
108
What was the Dominion Elections Act?
1920. Gave women opportunity to run for parliament position
109
When and where was the last province to grant suffrage to women?
Quebec 1940
110
Who was the first woman elected in the 1921 federal election?
Agnes Macphail
111
What happened to women's jobs after the war ended?
- return to traditional role as homemakers
- expected to give up jobs once married
- wages 50-60% lower than mens
112
Women made up what percent of the work force in 1929 and 1971?
20% to 40%
113
Who was Emily Murphy?
First woman judge in British Empire in 1916. In Alberta
| -responsible for Dower act
114
What was the Person's Case?
-lawyer challenged Emily Murphy's right to judge because she was a woman
-Alberta Supreme Court upheld her right to be judge
-not woman had been appointed to Senate
-question whether women counted as "persons" in the British North America Act
-Aug. 1927 Emily Murphy and and 4 other prominent women petition PM on this issue
-April 1928 Supreme Court says women are not persons
Appeal case to Privy Council in Britain and win
115
What was the Dower Act?
1911 in Alberta
| -gave women rights to 1/3 of their husband's property
116
What was the Women's Christian Temperance Union?
Campaigned for Prohibition and won in 1918+
- helped people in need
- gave women political experience
117
What was the Women's Liberation Movement?
1960s
| -women protested for change
118
Why did women's involvement in the workforce increase after WWII?
- needed money
| - economic boom required workers
119
What was the difference between mainstream and radical feminists?
M: Believed that change could be achieved by publishing laws and publicizing through the media
R: Men would not give up their power willingly. Protested for radical changes including removing stereotypes
120
What women's rights are won in 1951?
Female Employee Fair Remuneration Act (equal pay) is passed in Ontario
Therese Casgrain becomes provincial leader of the CCF party in Quebec
-Canadian Negro Women's Association is founded to represent the rights and concerns of Black women
121
What women's rights are won in 1956?
Federal government passes pay equity legislation
122
What women's rights are won in 1960?
Voice of Women is formed to protest against Nuclear armament and atomic weapons
123
What women's rights are won in 1966?
Mary Two-Axe Earley helps found the Equal Rights for Indian Women Organization. In 1985 the Indian Act was changed so that Aboriginal women who married a non-aboriginal man could keep their Indian status, their right to vote in band matters, and their right to live on the reserve
124
What women's rights were won in 1967?
The Canadian government launches a Royal Commission on the Status of Women to ensure for women equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society
125
Who was Alice Munro?
- one of the best known short story writers in the 1970s
| - set in small town Ontario
126
Who was Margaret Atwood?
- Canadian
| - in 1970s published insightful works on poetry, fiction, and literary criticism
127
What were the key principles released by the RCSW?
- women should be free to choose to work at home or not
| - both parents shared responsibility for child care
128
What were the recommendation of the RCSW?
- employers not allowed to discriminate based on gender or marital status
- government should fund day cares
- working women should be paid unemployment benefits for 18 weeks maternity leave
- information on birth control should be freely available
- housewives should be allowed to participate in Canada Pension Plan
- at least 2 women from each province should be appointed to Senate
- federal gov. should appoint more female judges
129
What did Laura Sabia start in 1972?
National Action Committee on the Status of Women. Lobby group for women's rights. Umbrella organization for other groups
129
What did Laura Sabia start in 1972?
National Action Committee on the Status of Women. Lobby group for women's rights. Umbrella organization for other groups
130
What was in the Canadian Human Rights Act for women in 1977?
- outlawed discrimination based on gender and marital status
- required women to receive equal pay
- set up Canadian Human Rights Commission to investigate discrimination
130
What was in the Canadian Human Rights Act for women in 1977?
- outlawed discrimination based on gender and marital status
- required women to receive equal pay
- set up Canadian Human Rights Commission to investigate discrimination
131
What year was International Women's Year?
1975
131
What year was International Women's Year?
1975
132
What did the UN stipulate regarding women in 1977?
Each country must have a "Women's Day" Most choose March 8
132
What did the UN stipulate regarding women in 1977?
Each country must have a "Women's Day" Most choose March 8
133
What was life like before the mass production of the car?
- roads were all dirt
- most people never traveled more than 100 miles from their home
- traveled by horse and buggy
- cities were a place farmers went just to gawk
133
What was life like before the mass production of the car?
- roads were all dirt
- most people never traveled more than 100 miles from their home
- traveled by horse and buggy
- cities were a place farmers went just to gawk
134
What were the earliest cars like?
- hand cranks
| - expensive, all hand made
134
What were the earliest cars like?
- hand cranks
| - expensive, all hand made
135
How did the mass production of the automobile change family life?
- strangers came from different places, met new people
- 1950s children preferred cars as toys
- women started driving kids everywhere
- good schools, good neighbourhoods
135
How many cars had been sold by 1912?
1 million
136
Who were Charles Durier?
Made the first car. "Buggy-yatch" only 6 miles per hour
136
Who were Charles Durier?
Made the first car. "Buggy-yatch" only 6 miles per hour
137
What are laws like for cars at first?
- makeshift
- guy had to run infront of you with a flag
- horses had right of way
137
What are laws like for cars at first?
- makeshift
- guy had to run infront of you with a flag
- horses had right of way
138
How long did it take for horses to lose the right of way?
15 years
138
How long did it take for horses to lose the right of way?
15 years
139
How does the mass production of the car change lifestyle?
- all teenagers have their own car
- 48 regular automobile magazines
- drive thrus created, people could go anywhere without leaving their car
- became indicator of style and wealth
- tourism. Cars went where roads went
- taken up by films and comedy
- suburbia
139
How does the mass production of the car change lifestyle?
- all teenagers have their own car
- 48 regular automobile magazines
- drive thrus created, people could go anywhere without leaving their car
- became
140
How many people lived in suburban communities by 1950?
50%
140
How many people lived in suburban communities by 1950?
50%
141
How did the mass production of the automobile change family life?
- strangers came from different places, met new people
- 1950s children preferred cars as toys
- women started driving kids everywhere
- good schools, good neighbourhoods
141
How did the mass production of the automobile change family life?
- strangers came from different places, met new people
- 1950s children preferred cars as toys
- women started driving kids everywhere
- good schools, good neighbourhoods
142
How many people lived in suburban communities by 1950?
50%
143
How did the mass production of the automobile change family life?
- strangers came from different places, met new people
- 1950s children preferred cars as toys
- women started driving kids everywhere
- good schools, good neighbourhoods
144
How did the mass production of the automobile change the economy?
- $1/2 billion spent on automobile advertising in 1965
- used women to make ads that interested men
- trucks sped delivery
- 14.7 million employed directly or indirectly in 1920s
- #1 consumer of glass, steel, rubber
145
How did the mass production of the automobile change the landscape and environment?
1904: 2 million miles dirt roads
1909: 1 mile paved roads
- Levitt town becomes first ever suburbia
- prior to 1950 no one had their own home
- 8 lane highways, overpasses, collector lanes
