I. Fundamental Hematology Principles

Question 1

includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma

Answer 1

WHOLE BLOOD

Question 2

small white layer of cells lying between the packed red blood cells and the plasma

Answer 2

BUFFY COAT

Question 3

liquid portion of unclotted blood

Answer 3

PLASMA

Question 4

fluid that remains after coagulation has occurred and a clot has formed

Answer 4

SERUM

Question 4

fluid that remains after coagulation has occurred and a clot has formed

Answer 4

SERUM

Question 5

composed of 90% water and contains proteins, enzymes, hormones, lipids, and salts

Answer 5

PLASMA

Question 5

composed of 90% water and contains proteins, enzymes, hormones, lipids, and salts

Answer 5

PLASMA

Question 6

normally appears hazy and pale yellow

Answer 6

PLASMA

Question 7

normally appears clear and straw colored

Answer 7

SERUM

Question 8

body’s tendency to move toward physiological stability

Answer 8

HOMEOSTASIS

Question 9

body/cellular water concentration

Answer 9

OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION

Question 10

normal osmotic concentration

Answer 10

ISOTONIC

Question 11

greater amount of H2O in relationship to lesser amount of solutes

Answer 11

HYPOTONIC

Question 12

lesser amount of H2O in relationship to greater amount of solutes

Answer 12

HYPERTONIC

Question 13

venous blood pH reference range

Answer 13

7.36-7.41

Question 14

arterial blood pH reference range

Answer 14

7.38-7.44

Question 15

normal body temperature

Answer 15

37 degC

Question 16

Blood specimens should be analyzed as soon as possible to prevent ___

Answer 16

CELLULAR BREAKDOWN

Question 17

MCV reference range

Answer 17

80-100 femtoliters (fL)

Question 18

MCH reference range

Answer 18

26-34 picograms (pg)

Question 19

MCHC reference range

Answer 19

32-37 g/dL

Question 20

indicator of the average/mean volume of erythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 20

MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)

Question 21

RBC count (X 1012/L)

Answer 21

MCV (fL)

Question 22

indicator of the average weight of hemoglobin in individual RBCs

Answer 22

MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)

Question 23

Hemoglobin (g/dL) X 10 ---------------------------------- RBC count (X 1012/L)

Answer 23

MCH (pg)

Question 24

measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin in grams per deciliter

Answer 24

MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)

Question 25

Hemoglobin (g/dL) ---------------------------- x 100 Hct

Answer 25

MCHC (g/dL)

Question 26

increased proportional to the degree of anisocytosis (variation in size)

Answer 26

RDW (RBC Distribution Width)

Question 27

percentage of RBCs in a given volume of whole blood

Answer 27

Hct (Hematocrit)

Question 28

RDW reference range

Answer 28

11.5-14.5%

Question 29

Hct reference range for males

Answer 29

41-53%

Question 30

Hct reference range for females

Answer 30

36-46%

Question 31

Reference range for hematocrit and hemoglobin are ___.

Answer 31

age and sex dependent

Question 32

Hgb reference range for males

Answer 32

13.5-17.5 g/dL

Question 33

Hgb reference range for females

Answer 33

12.0-16.0 g/dL

Question 34

PLT (Platelets) reference range

Answer 34

150-450 X 109/L

Question 35

MPV (Mean Platelet Volume) reference range

Answer 35

6.8-10.2 fL

Question 36

amount of a cell type in relation to other blood components

Answer 36

RELATIVE COUNT

Question 37

increase in the percentage of lymphocytes

Answer 37

RELATIVE LYMPHOCYTOSIS

Question 38

Relative lymphocytosis is frequently associated with ___

Answer 38

NEUTROPENIA

Question 39

RBCs appear increased due to a decreased plasma volume

Answer 39

RELATIVE POLYCYTHEMIA

Question 40

actual number of each cell type without respect to other blood components

Answer 40

ABSOLUTE COUNT

Question 41

true increase in the number of lymphocytes

Answer 41

ABSOLUTE LYMPHOCYTOSIS

Question 42

true increase in red cell mass

Answer 42

ABSOLUTE POLYCYTHEMIA

Question 43

most commonly used routine peripheral blood smear stain

Answer 43

WRIGHT'S STAIN

Question 44

Wright's stain contains ___, a ___ dye, which stains ___ cellular components (___ and ___) ___, and ___, an ___ dye, which stains ___ components (hemoglobin and eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules) ___.

Answer 44

methylene blue - basic - acidic - DNA - RNA - blue eosin - acidic - basic - red-orange

Question 45

used to fix the cells to the slide

Answer 45

METHANOL FIXATIVE

Question 46

Staining does not begin until a ___ (pH between 6.4 and | 6.8) is added.

Answer 46

PHOSPHATE BUFFER

Question 47

Causes of ___: Buffer or stain below pH 6.4, excess buffer, decreased staining time, increased washing time, thin smear, expired stains

Answer 47

RBCs too red and WBC nuclei poorly stained

Question 48

Causes of ___: Buffer or stain above pH 6.8, too little buffer, increased staining time, poor washing, thick smear, increased protein, heparinized blood sample

Answer 48

RBCs and WBC nuclei too blue

Question 49

Examples of ___: Wright, Giemsa, Leishman, Jenner, May-Grimwald, and various combinations of them

Answer 49

POLYCHROME STAINS

Question 50

stains specific cellular components

Answer 50

NONVITAL MONOCHROME STAIN

Question 51

Example of Nonvital monochrome stain

Answer 51

PRUSSIAN BLUE

Question 52

used to visualize iron granules in RBCs (siderotic iron granules), histiocytes, and urine epithelial cells

Answer 52

PRUSSIAN BLUE

Question 53

used to stain specific cellular components with no fixatives used

Answer 53

SUPRAVITAL (LIVING CELL) MONOCHROME STAIN

Question 54

used to precipitate RNA in reticulocytes; | measure of bone marrow erythropoiesis

Answer 54

NEW METHYLENE BLUE

Question 55

used to visualize Heinz bodies

Answer 55

NEUTRAL RED | Counterstain: BRILLIANT CRESYL GREEN

Question 56

clinical disorders associated with Heinz bodies

Answer 56

G6PD deficiency (and other unstable hemoglobin disorders)

Question 57

Blood composition

Answer 57

55% Plasma 4% WBCs and Platelets 41% RBCs

Question 58

variation in size

Answer 58

ANISOCYTOSIS