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Immunology and Healthcare > IAH 2 - Physical, microbiological and chemical barriers to infection > Flashcards

IAH 2 - Physical, microbiological and chemical barriers to infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the immune system?

A
  1. Recognition of non-self-microbes & viruses
  2. Effector function (contain/eradicate infection)
  3. Regulation (appropriate and measured response) - prevent inappropriate immune responses such as chronic inflammation or hypersensitivity
  4. Memory - immediate and stronger response on second exposure
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive

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3
Q

What is the response of innate immunity?

A 
Fast
Fixed - intensity always similar 
Limited number of specificities
Constant during response
Activates and reinforces adaptive response
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4
Q

What is the response of adaptive immunity?

A

Slow
Variable response due to antigen specificity
Numerous highly selective specificities

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5
Q

What immediate effect mechanisms are there?

A

Physical, chemical and microbiological barriers
Complement
Phagocytosis

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6
Q

What induced effect mechanisms are there?

A 
Cytokines and chemotaxis 
Interferon response 
Antibodies 
Cell-mediated immunity 
Memory
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7
Q

What induces chemotaxis and the interferon response?

A

Cytokines

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8
Q

What is the physical barrier to infection in the skin and what layer is it found?

A

Keratin

Present in the stratum lucidum

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9
Q

What can allow for opportunistic infections to enter through the skin?

A

Burn-moist surface, vascular damage
Cuts/surgery
Acne

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10
Q

Where is the bacteria present in the skin, that causes acne?

A

Infected sebaceous gland ducts or hair follicles

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11
Q

What is mucin?

A

Highly glycosylated protein

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12
Q

What components is mucous made up of?

A

Mucin and water

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13
Q

Where is mucin secreted?

A

Goblet cells

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14
Q

What cells is mucous trapped in the airways?

And what destroys these cells?

A

Ciliated epithelium

Smoking or cystic fibrosis

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15
Q

What mucosal surfaces are physical and chemical barriers to infection?

A

Internal body surfaces (mucosal surfaces)
Saliva
GI tract

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16
Q

How do internal body surfaces (mucosal surfaces) work as a barrier to infection?

A
  • Large surface area
  • No keratin
  • Mucins: coat microorganisms preventing attachment
  • Ciliated epithelium (protection and ejection of large particles)
  • Flow of air and fluid
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17
Q

What 2 enzymes do saliva contain to fight infection? And what are their functions?

A

Lysozyme - digests bacterial cell walls

Lactoferrin - removes iron required by bacteria

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18
Q

How does the GIT work as a barrier to infection?

A
  • Acid environment in stomach, bladder, kidney, bile

* Digestive enzymes inhibit growth

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19
Q

What infections can develop with abnormally thick mucus

A

Lung infections e.g. P.aeruginosa infection

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20
Q

What exposure can lead to corneal and ear infections?

A

Water exposure

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21
Q

Why can there be higher rate of sepsis after surgery in e.g.colon?

A

As it is an area of high flora

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22
Q

What is bacteria mutualism?

A

Symbiotic relationship

23
Q

How can commensal bacteria protect surfaces from infection?

A

Stimulate colonic epithelial cells giving a balanced state called physiological inflammation

24
Q

What occurs when dysregulation of commensal bacteria and pathogenic infection happens?

A

Leads to pathology

E.g. Crohn’s disease

25
Q

What do commensal bacteria and pathogens compete for?

A

Nutrients, attachment sites and living space

26
Q

What from proprioibacteria (on skin) are toxic to streptococci?

A

Fatty acids

27
Q

What enzymes in innate immunity digest cell walls and membranes?

A

Lysozyme and phospholipase

28
Q

What are the compliment components of innate immunity?

A

Lysis, opsonisation and chemotaxis

29
Q

What is the function of the antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity?

A

Gets into bacterial cell membrane and disrupts - causing cell lysis

30
Q

What is the function of defensins (an AMPs)?

A

Disrupt cell membranes via their amphipathicity (have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties)

31
Q

Where are defensins made?

A

Epithelial surfaces

Neutrophils/paneth cells

32
Q

What is the function of antimicrobial peptides?

A

Kill bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses by perturbing their membranes

33
Q

21 types of antimrobial peptides are made by what?

A

Paneth cells

34
Q

What type of denfensins do 1/2 make?

  1. Neutrophils/paneth cells
  2. Epithelial cells
A
  1. alpha-defensins

2. ß-defensins

35
Q

Where are cathelcidins found?

A

Lysosomes of macrophages and leukocytes

36
Q

What are cathelcidins?

A

Family of polypeptides

37
Q

Where is the action of cathelcidins?

A

Disintegrates cell membrane of organisms

38
Q

Where are histatins produced?

A

Salivary glands

39
Q

What are histatins?

A

Antimicrobial and antifungal proteins

40
Q

What are lectins?

A

Carbohydrate binding proteins

41
Q

Where are lectins found?

A

Foods like raw legumes and grains

42
Q

Where is the action of lectins?

A

Involved in biological recognition & mediate attachment of bacteria/viruses to their targets

43
Q

Where are paneth cells found?

A

Small intestine

44
Q

What do paneth cells produce?

A

Make α-defensins (also called cryptidins), lysozymes and phospholipases

AMPs and enzymes kill enteric pathogens

45
Q

How are bacteria more easily phagocytosed in the complement system?

A

Complement factors coat the surface of bacteria and extracellular virus particles

46
Q

What is the most important complement proteases?

A

C3

47
Q

What is the complement cascade? (include all proteases)

A

C3 activates and cleaves into C3A and C3B, which then activate C5 convertase to convert C5 into C5A and C5B

48
Q

What does C3B do in the complement system?

A

Covalently binds to pathogens surface for destruction

49
Q

What does C3A do in the complement system?

A

Acts as chemoattractant to recruit effector cells

50
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

A
  • Proteolytic cleavage of a cascade of proteins (c.f. blood clotting, activation of apoptosis)
  • Function to directly attack pathogens
  • Mark pathogens for phagocytosis (opsonisation)
  • Work with ‘complement’ antibodies
  • Stimulated chemotaxis (movement of WBCs into tissues) e.g. neutrophils
  • Promotes antigen uptake and presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs)
51
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system? And when are they carried out?

A
  • Alternative pathway works first
  • Lectin pathway is activated afterwards, is induced by infection and takes some time before it is active
  • Classical pathway is part of the innate and acquired response
52
Q

What is required to bind on the pathogen surface in the complement system?

A

Protein C

53
Q

What is the action of complement 1 in complement activation?

A

Formation of membrane attack complex with consequent disruption of bacterial outer membrane and bacterial cell death

54
Q

What is the action of complement 2 in complement activation?

A

Opsonisation for phagocytosis

Immunology and Healthcare (3 decks)

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