Ianowski - theme 7 and 8 and 9

Question 1

How much ATP can be produced without oxygen? What about with?

Answer 1

4 ATP; 34 ATP

Question 2

How much ATP can be produced without oxygen? What about with?

Answer 2

4 ATP; 34 ATP

Question 3

Fick’s law:

Answer 3

Rate of diffusion = (P1-P2) * A * D / delta X
P is pressure. 
A is area.
D is diffusion coefficient. 
Delta X is thickness.

Question 4

Steps of oxygen exchange: overview

Answer 4

Ventilation: environment into lungs
Diffusion: lungs to blood
Perfusion: blood moving O2 around
Diffusion: blood to tissues

Question 5

Steps of oxygen exchange: overview

Answer 5

Ventilation: environment into lungs
Diffusion: lungs to blood
Perfusion: blood moving O2 around
Diffusion: blood to tissues

Question 6

Fick’s law:

Answer 6

Rate of diffusion = (P1-P2) * A * D / delta X
P is pressure. 
A is area.
D is diffusion coefficient. 
Delta X is thickness.

Question 7

How small does an animal have to be to rely on diffusion alone to get O2?

Question 8

Steps of oxygen exchange: overview

Answer 8

Ventilation: environment into lungs
Diffusion: lungs to blood
Perfusion: blood moving O2 around
Diffusion: blood to tissues

Question 9

Bulk transport (convection): where?

Answer 9

O2 moving in with air, O2 moving around circulatory system

Question 10

Water vs air respiration: pros and cons

Answer 10

Water has higher concentration and more O2 can be used. Air is less energy expensive and has a much greater diffusion rate.

Question 11

What happens to O2 % at higher altitudes?

Answer 11

Nothing. % doesn’t change; the amount you can breathe in decreases.

Question 12

Water as a resp medium:

Answer 12

Water can contain varying concentrations of dissolved O2.

Question 13

O2 concentration in water: throughout the day, depending on temp

Answer 13

Diurnal - peaks just after noon, when photosynthesis is highest
Solubility increases in cold water

Question 14

Water vs air respiration: pros and cons

Answer 14

Water has higher concentration and more O2 can be used. Air is less energy expensive and has a much greater diffusion rate.

Question 15

Max efficiency of concurrent flow:

Answer 15

1/2 of O2, because the gradient dies as you draw O2 out.

Question 16

Boyle’s law:

Answer 16

P1 V1 = P2 V2

Question 17

Breathing muscles:

Answer 17

Breathing in: intercostal muscles contract to open lungs, and diaphragm contracts and moves out of the way.
Breathing out: intercostal muscles relax and the ribs close, and the diaphragm releases and returns to neutral position.

Question 18

Which parts of breathing are active and which are passive?

Answer 18

Inhalation is the active expansion of the lungs.

Exhalation is the passive recoil of the lungs. Exhalation can be active if you recruit abdominal muscles.

Question 19

TLC of average human/horse:

Answer 19

5.7 L, 42 L

Question 20

Double-pumping mechanism in bony and cartilaginous fish:

Answer 20

Lower jaw to draw water into mouth. Lower opercular floor to pull water to opercular cavity.
Close jaw to push water into opercular cavity. Raise opercular floor to push water out of the operculum.

Question 21

Ram ventilation in sharks and some fish:

Answer 21

Water flows through with body movement. Can’t breathe if they’re not swimming.

Question 22

Where are the gills in double-pump?

Answer 22

In the opercular cavity.

Question 23

Countercurrent exchange in gills:

Answer 23

Blood feeds into capillaries perpendicularly, then participates in gas exchange parallel to air flow. Fully oxygenated blood at the end has the same amount of O2 as the fully oxygenated air at the beginning, but they never reach equilibrium or the gradient would be wrecked.

Question 24

Countercurrent exchange in gills is GREAT!

Answer 24

PO2 of arterial blood is higher than PO2 of expired water

Question 25

Order of bird lung sacs:

Answer 25

Anterior, thoracic, posterior

Question 26

The story of bird breathing:

Answer 26

Cycle 1: Air is brought into the expanding posterior sac by Boyle’s law. The posterior sac contracts and air is pushed into the anterior sac, and O2 exchange occurs between the sacs.
Cycle 2: New air is brought into the posterior sac. When the posterior sac contracts again, the stale deoxygenated air from cycle 1 is pushed out.

Question 27

Where does gas exchange occur in birds?

Answer 27

In the capillaries, NOT in the main tube.

Question 28

What is the biggest advantage of cross-current flow? (birds)

Answer 28

Because the PO2 of blood participating in gas exchange gets averaged when the capillaries rejoin, arterial PO2 can exceed expiratory PO2. Mammals can’t do that.

Question 29

Movement of (bird) sternum during breathing:

Answer 29

It’s analogous to the diaphragm. Sternum rocks forward and down to open post/ant sacs more.

Question 30

Cross-current exchange in birds:

Answer 30

Blood flows perpendicular to air flow (exchange occurs in capillaries). Allows for the most efficient exchange.

Question 31

Dual function of amphibian skin:

Answer 31

Protection and gas exchange, so diffusion distance is big.

Question 32

Some cuties have external gills.

Answer 32

Like axolotls and molluscs.

Question 33

Characteristics of gas exchange skin:

Answer 33

Thin, moist, naked, well vascularized.

Question 34

Insect ventilation:

Answer 34

Trachea and spiracles.
Trachea: internal tubes that branch throughout the body. some become functionally intracellular, feeding directly into mitochondria.
Spiracles: tracheal openings along the sides of the body.

Question 35

Composition of trachea:

Answer 35

Same stuff as exoskeleton, cuticular intima. Taenidium prevents collapse. When an insect moults, it has to moult its trachea as well.

Question 36

How are insects ventilated?

Answer 36

Use heart pumping and changing tracheal shape to increase/decrease pressure in air sacs.

Question 37

Bobble:

Answer 37

Short-term air supply for diving insects - O2 gets drawn into the bobble as the insect uses it up.

Question 38

Plastron:

Answer 38

External gill, sort of. Holds a constant volume film of air for gas exchange to occur, like insect air bobble.

Question 39

Tracheal gill:

Answer 39

Oxygen diffuses across a lil tail of very thin tissue for gas exchange.