IBEC Flashcards
(304 cards)
1
Q
Keratinization
A
Process of living cells moving upward and changing to dead cells
2
Q
What is the largest organ on the body?
A
Skin
3
Q
What are the three main layers of the skin?
A
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous
4
Q
What are the layers of the epidermis?
A
Stratum corneum, Stratum luciderm, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum germinativum (basal layer)
5
Q
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
A
Papillary and Reticular layer
6
Q
What layers does the horny zone contain?
A
The first 3 layers of the epidermis
7
Q
What layers does the Germinal zone contain?
A
Last 2 of the epidermis
8
Q
Where does mitosis occur?
A
Stratum germinitivum
9
Q
What layer is only in the palms of hands and soles of feet?
A
Stratum luciderm
10
Q
What layer are the langerhan cells in?
A
Stratum spinosum
11
Q
What does the papillary layer contain?
A
Collagen and reticular fibers, Messner corpuscle
11
Q
What does the stratum germinitivum layer contain?
A
Melanocytes, Merkel cells, Mitosis
12
Q
What shape are collagen and reticular fibers?
A
Cone shaped
13
Q
What does the reticular layer contain?
A
Dense bundle of collagen and elastin, Pacinian corpuscle, Arrector pili muscle, glands and hair follicle
14
Q
Merkel
A
Lightened
15
Q
Meissner
A
Touch
16
Q
Pacinian
A
Deep pressure
17
Q
What are the 3 sensory glands?
A
Merkel, Meissner, Pacinian
18
Q
What are the two most important things of the sub dermis?
A
80% adipose tissue, gives body its smoothness
19
Q
What are the two sweat glands?
A
Eccrine, Apocrine
20
Q
Eccrine gland
A
Sweat gland that is everywhere
21
Q
Apocrine gland
A
Located in genital area and axilla; excretes pheromones
22
Q
What system is the sudoriferous glands controlled by?
A
Sympathetic nervous system
23
Q
Sebaceous gland
A
Oil gland
24
What system are sebaceous glands controlled by?
Endocrine system
25
What are the 4 appendages of the skin?
Hair, nails, sebaceous gland, sudoriferous gland
26
What are the 5 functions of the skin?
Sensation, heat regulation, absorption, protection, elimination
27
Melanin
Grains of pigment that give hair and skin its color
28
Carotene
Yellowish pigment
29
Where is skin the thickest?
Soles of feet 1/5"
30
Where is skin the thinnest?
Eyelids 1/12"
31
Histology
Study of microscopic structure of tissue
32
What are the 3 layers of skin?
Epidermis, dermis, sub dermis
33
Atom
Smallest unit in the universe
34
Proton
Nucleus
35
Electron
Negative charged particle
36
How big is an electron
Many times smaller than a proton
37
What is a stable atom?
Protons and electrons are equal
37
Ionization
Process of adding or removing electrons from its atomic orbit
38
What is a combination of atoms?
Molecules
39
Molecule
Smallest unit of matter into which a substance can be divided w/o losing basics
40
Electricity
Flow of electrons charged from one atom to another along a conductor
41
Conductor
Any substance that will easily transmit the flow of an electrical current
42
What are examples of a conductor?
Metals, electrology probes, TAP water, human body
43
Insulator
Any substance that will resist the passage of an electrical current
44
What are examples of an insulator?
Rubber, steam, DISTILLED water
45
What is the positive electrode called?
Anode
46
What is the negative electrode called?
Cathode
47
How do electrons move?
Negative to positive
48
What are the two types of electrical current?
Alternating and direct
49
How does alternating current move?
By mechanical means; rapid in one direction then the other
50
Hertz
Measurment of frequency
51
What is an epilators hertz?
13.56 Mhz
52
Polarity
Imbalance effect of electrical flow
53
Oscillator
AC to HF
54
Rectifier
AC to DC
55
How does direct current move?
By chemical means; Constant and even flow in one direction
56
Short circuit
Not completing its path; takes a short cut
57
Fuse
Uses heat production; prevents excessive current from passing through
58
Circuit breaker
Uses magnetic properties; switch interrupts electrical circuit first sign of overload
59
What should you check equipment for?
Underwrites laboratories tag (UL)
60
What are 4 devices that change current?
Rectifier, oscillator, transform, rheostat
61
Anaphoresis
Irritating/redness
62
Cataphoresis
Soothes skin
63
Diathermy
Technique involving heat by HF electrical currents
64
What current is the blend?
DC and AC
65
What is static electricity?
Electrons are at rest
66
What are the two natural magnets?
Loadstone and magnetite
67
Coulomb
Count/quantity
68
Amperes
Measures current
69
Volt
Pressure/ force
70
Ohm
Resistance
71
Watt
Unit of electrical power
72
Joules
Measures energy
73
Hertz
Measures frequency
74
Density of hair
of hair in cm^2
75
Milliampere
Measures current in a thousandth of a ampere
76
Nanometer
Measures current in a billionth of a ampere
77
Who invented galvanic?
Dr. Charles Michel
78
When was galvanic invented?
1875
79
What kind of mean is electrolysis?
Chemical mean
80
What is galvanic electrolysis?
Removing hair by chemical decomposition
81
What are two other names for galvanic?
Chemical decomposition and true electrolysis
82
What two solutions do you need to get sodium hydroxide (lye)?
Water; hydrogen and oxygen and salt; sodium chloride
83
What electrode does sodium hydroxide (lye) come from?
Cathode
84
What electrode does hydrochloric acid come from?
Anode
85
What are the 2 bi products?
Chloride gas and hydrogen gas
86
What is a conductor during electrolysis?
Salt water in tissue
87
Commerial
UL = amp by hours
88
Kill hair in follicle
UL = ma x seconds
89
Where is the most destructive area?
Closest to the probe within zone where tissue is 100% destroyed
90
Current density
AMOUNT of electrons that flow into surrounding tissue
91
What is current density affected by?
Needle thickness, intensity, and depth
92
Current intensity
STRENGTH of current flowing from probe to surrounding tissue
93
Accidental use of the positive pole with steel needle will cause what?
Black oxide mark
94
What is a side effect of hydrochloric acid in the palms of hands?
Electrode rash = erythema
95
Phoresis
Forcing a liquid through unbroken skin = electrotherapy
96
Thermolysis
Killing of hair using alternating current
97
What is another name for alternating current?
Sinusodial current
98
Who demonstrated HF waves first?
Heinrich Hertz
99
Eletrocoagulation
The process by which heat causes cells to coagulate and become dysfunctional
100
Electrodessication
To dry up and deprive moisture by heat
101
What does the size of probe determine?
Diameter of hair in anagen
102
Capacitive return
The current will return to the machine by means of radiation through the air
103
What is a blow out caused by?
Steam
104
What is the point effect?
HF heat starts at tip of needle
105
What is the pattern of destruction for thermolysis?
Pear shape
106
Nikolskys sign
Separation of epidermis from dermis
107
Working point
Point based on the client's pain threshold/ skin tolerance
108
Where are vellus hairs from?
Sebaceous gland
109
What is the blend?
Use of galvanic and low intensity high frequency
110
How can the blend be applied?
Simultaneously or sequentially
111
What is the pattern of destruction for the blend?
Vase shape
112
What is a blend blowout?
Over treatment causing steam that is silent
113
What part of the body is susceptible to pitted scars?
Face
114
How do you avoid muscular skeletal syndrome?
Do not twist torso
115
Ecchymosis
3 dimensional large bruise
116
Petechia
Pinpoint bruise
117
Purpura
Laser bruise
118
Erythema
Redness
119
Edema
Lymph swelling
120
Eshar
Normal process of healing containing honey crust
121
Chloasma
Mask of pregnancy
122
Pitted scar
Atrophic; damage to upper follicle
123
Keloid
Hypertrophic; genetic bumps
124
Who is most prone to keloids?
African Americans
125
Matrix
Actively dividing cells within the hair bulb to produce hair (mitosis)
126
Where is the needle inserted?
Underside the hair
127
When was HIPPA instituted?
1996
128
What are the needles longer than?
Hair follicle depth
129
What kind of needle will enter the follicle with less resistance?
Brightly polished
130
What angle is insertion?
45 degrees
131
What does shaving increase?
Diameter of hair
132
Tombstone
A small remnant of a small anagen hair which was left un epilated in a treated follicle
133
What kind of hair does a flatter follicle have?
Kinky hair
134
What is the best stage for curly hair?
EARLY anagen
135
What is the best stage for straight hair?
LATE anagen
136
What color hair should you insert deeper in a follicle?
Grey
137
What are the 5 characteristics of hair?
Moisture, thickness, oiliness, sensitivity, firmness
138
What is the shank?
Part of the probe that fits into the white cap
139
What does LASER stand for?
Light, amplification, stimulated, emissions, radiation
140
Photon
Smallest particle of light
141
Amplitude
Height of wave
142
Million waves
Mega
143
Billion waves
Nano
144
Fluence
DENSITY of the energy
145
Joules
Unit that measures energy
146
What is nonionizing range?
400nm and up
147
What is ionizing range?
390nm and below
148
What does laser hair removal range to?
600-2100nm
149
Ruby nanometers
694.3nm
150
Alex nanometers
755nm
151
Diode nanometers
840nm
152
Nd:Yag nanometers
1064nm
153
Chromophore
Part of molecule responsible for color reflection
154
Polychromatic
Many colors
155
Monochromatic
One color
156
What are the properties of light?
Reflection, absorption, scattering, transmission
157
What does nonionizing do to DNA?
Does not change it
158
What does ionizing do to DNA?
Can change it
159
Laser characteristics
Monochromatic, coherent, collimated
160
IPL characteristics
Polychromatic, incoherent, illcollimated
161
What is thermal relaxation time (TRT) ?
Amount of time it takes surrounding tissue to cool by 50%
162
When does pulse width effect TRT?
When it is more than TRT, does not affect if it is lower or equal to TRT
163
Pulse duration
Time each laser pulse lasts
164
Spot size
Width of light beam
165
Fluence threshold
Highest setting the skin can tolerate without damage
166
What phase must hair be in for LHR?
Anagen phase
167
How long before should Accutane be stopped before laser?
6 months
168
Who are the theoretical fathers of laser?
Plank and Einstein
169
When was laser created?
1917
170
Theory of stimulated emissions
How atoms get excited to produce light photon
171
When was the first laser machine built?
1960
172
Who built the first laser machine?
Theodore Maiman
173
Who is the father of laser?
Rox Anderson
174
When was the invention of laser fulfilled?
1996
175
When did the FDA approve LHR?
1997
176
Selected photothermolysis
How hair is destroyed and not skin using heat
177
Amplification
The creation of a new photon light resulting from a chain reaction from collision
178
Stimulated emissions
Process whereby a new created photon of light acquires energy to the photons that created it
179
Who regulates all medical devices and since when?
FDA, 1976
180
Q switch
Tattoo removal
181
What manner should you work in?
Methodical manner
182
How much should you overlap the spot size?
20-30%
183
What should you see on the skin after laser?
Perifollicular Erythema Edema
184
How long will hairs shed from follicles?
10-20 days
185
How long should you avoid sun after LHR?
10 days - 2 weeks
186
What does retinal hazard range to?
400-1400nm
187
What does ultraviolet range to?
315-390nm
188
What does infrared range to?
1400-1nm
189
What is another eyewear besides goggles?
Dull metal shield
190
What do goggles measure?
Optical density
191
What agency is responsible for epilator?
FDA
192
What agency assigns the frequency for epilator?
FCC
193
If blood spills on the floor, what do you clean it with?
Hospital grade disinfectant
194
What is the single most effective deterrent to spreading disease?
Hand washing
195
Universal standard precautions
All clients are infectious
196
Microbiology
Branch of biology that deals with microscopic organisms
197
Microbes
Microscopic organisms that transmit disease
198
Non pathogenic
Harmless
199
Pathogenic
Disease causing
200
What are the two phases of bacteria?
Active/ vegetive
Inactive/ spore forming
201
3 types of bacteria
Cocci, bacilli, spirilla
202
What shape is cocci?
Round
203
What shape is bacilli?
Rod
204
What shape is spirilla?
Spiral
205
How does diplococcus grow?
In pairs
206
How does streptococcus grow?
In chains
207
How does staphylococci grow?
In clusters
208
What bacteria is most deadly and most common?
Bacilli (TB)
209
What bacteria is the most heat resistance?
TB
210
Fungi
Mutli cellular plant parasitic
211
What needs a target host cell to survive?
Virus
212
What is the most heat resistant virus?
HBV
213
When was the first AIDS case?
1981
214
How long can HBV live in dry blood?
7 days
215
What is the most dangerous virus?
HCV
216
How long does HBV vaccine work?
15 years
217
How does the HBV vaccination work?
1 shot; 1 month later, 2nd shot; 6 months later, 3rd shot
218
Tinea barbae
Barbers
219
Tinea Captis
Infection of scalp / hair
220
Tinea Pedis
Athletes foot
221
What is candida?
Yeast infection
222
Verruca
Warts
223
Where is herpes type 1?
Above waist
224
Where is herpes type 2?
Below waist
225
What does high disinfection do?
All bacteria are destroyed but some spores survive
226
What does intermediate disinfection do?
All bacteria destroyed but almost all spores survive
227
What does low disinfection do?
Activity and multiplication stops
228
What level of disinfection is sterilization?
High disinfection
229
What are critical items?
Items that come in contact with blood
230
Autoclave
Steam under pressure
231
What disinfection is used for environmental surfaces?
Hospital grade disinfection
232
Asepsis
Routine house keeping
233
When was the first case of HIV?
1981
234
What 3 common diseases are contracted with HIV?
PCP, KS, TB
234
What does OSHA do?
Regulates and enforces the law to protect your health and your client
235
What does CDC do?
CDC develops and applies disease prevention and control
236
What does the FDA do?
Regulates safety of foods
237
What does EPA do?
Regulates chemicals and protects human health by safeguarding the natural environment
238
What skin layer forms a barrier to protect underlying tissue?
Stratum corneum
239
What skin layer is not present where there are hair follicles?
Stratum luciderm
240
Which skin layer consists of small cells which allows light to pass?
Stratum luciderm
241
What skin layer produces new epidermal cells through mitosis?
Stratum germinitivum
242
Shaft
Part of the hair that projects from the surface
243
Root
Portion of the hair that is embedded in the dermis
244
Dermal papilla
Indentation at the base of the bulb that provides nutrients and blood supply
245
Matrix
Structure at the base of the hair bulb that produces new hair
246
Follicle
Indentation of the epidermis; anchors the skin
247
What are the two parts of epithelium sheath?
Outer component; anchors follicle to dermis
Inner component; anchors tightly to the root
248
Dermal root sheath
Supports the hair follicle and separates it from the dermis
249
Arrector pili muscle
Tiny bands of smooth muscle that causes the hair to "stand up" when contracted
250
3 regions of hair
Medulla, cortex, cuticle
251
What is the medulla?
Inner marrow that forms core of some hair and reflects light
252
What is the cortex?
Middle that gives hair its color from elongated cells
253
What is the cuticle?
Outer part of hair; imbricated cells; no pigment
254
Trichology
Structure of hair and it's diseases
255
What does the pilosebaceous unit contain?
Hair bulb, hair follicle, hair papilla, hair shaft, hair root, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland
256
What is hair pili?
Filament structures that project from the skins surface
257
Pili-multigemini
2 or more hairs in a follicle
258
What is the structure of the hair bulb?
Medulla, cortex, cuticle of hair, cuticle of inner root sheath, huxleys, henles, outer root sheath, vitrous membrane, connective tissue (dermal sheath)
259
What are the 3 stages of hair growth
Anagen, catagen, telogen
260
How long does the catagen phase last?
Shortest stage 1-2 weeks
261
How long does the anagen phase last on scalp?
Scalp hair during anagen can last up to 6 years
262
How long does the telogen phase last?
Can last 3-6 months
263
Anagen
Active growth stage
264
Catagen
Transitional stage
265
Telogen
Resting phase
266
What does the telogen phase look like?
Atrophies to form a white keratinized ball
267
What hair phase is the darkest?
Anagen
268
Lanugo
Type of thin hair with no pigment; usually falls out within first few weeks of birth
269
Vellus
Thinner than terminal; "Peach fuzz"
270
Terminal
Grows at the follicle bulge (papilla)
271
What causes hair to lose its pigment?
As we age, melanocytes produce less melanin
272
What is the function of hair?
To protect the body from friction and UV rays
273
Mitosis
Cells dividing in skin and hair cells
274
Meiosis
Occurs in sex cells when number of chromosomes are reduced by half
275
Mitosis phases
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
276
Mitochondria
Power station that produces energy
277
Golgi apparatus
Fuel
278
What happens in the interphase during mitosis?
Resting phase; cells get bigger
279
What happens in prophase?
Chromosomes organize; nucleus disappears
280
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes align in the middle
281
What happens in anaphase?
Separation inside cells
282
What happens in telophase?
Separation outside the cell; division almost complete
283
Hypertrichosis
Overabundance of hair anywhere
284
Who does hypertrichosis effect?
Males and females
285
What does accelerate vellus come back to?
Previous vellus
286
Hirsutism
Terminal hair growth only in women caused by male androgens in blood
287
Androgens
Male hormones
288
Ferriman - Gallwey score
Method of evaluating and quantifying hirsutism in women
289
Idiopathic hirsutism
Unknown origin
290
In hirsutism, what kind of hair is terminal hairs?
Sexual hairs
291
How many locations are in the Ferriman Gallwey score?
9 locations
292
What are the 9 locations rated from in the Ferriman Gallwey score?
0-4
293
Hirci
Armpit
294
Barbae
Face
295
Capilli
Head
296
Cilia
Eyelash
297
Supercilia
Eyebrow
298
Tragi
Ear
299
Vibrassae
Nostrils
300
What part of the body does hirsutism effect besides hair?
Adrenal glands, ovaries, gonads
301
