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PR3151 CA1 > IC1 > Flashcards

IC1 Flashcards

1
Q

lab diagnostics - culture medium - MacConkey agar

A
  • contains bile salts
  • for enteric gram -ve bacteria
  • differentiate lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram -ve bacteria
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2
Q

timeline from specimen collection to identification, culture, and susceptibility results

A

day 1: gram stain
day 2-3: culture bacteria
day 3-4: identify bacteria
day 3-5: Abx susceptibility testing (AST)

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3
Q

bacterial identification & microscopic classification - macroscopic appearance

A

1) shape
2) size (diameter)
3) elevation (Side view)
4) margin of border/edge of colony
5) surface of colony (smooth, glistening, rough, dull)
6) opacity
7) colour of pigmentation
8) breakdown of blood cells in blood agar

  • complete haemolysis: beta-haemolytic streptococcus
  • partial haemolysis: alpha-haemolytic streptococcus
  • no haemolysis: gamma-haemolytic streptococcus
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4
Q

bacterial identification & microscopic classification - microscopic

A
  • gram stain: +ve, -ve (pink cuz counterstain)
  • cocci, rod, curved, spiral
  • diplococci, cocci in cluster/chain
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5
Q

bacterial identification & microscopic classification - growth environment

A

aerobic, anaerobic

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5
Q

bacterial identification & microscopic classification - need for specific nutrients

A

1) fermenter: ability to ferment carb/sugar
2) non-fermenter

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6
Q

bacterial identification & microscopic classification - produce specific enzyme

A

1) Catalase
2) coagulase
3) oxidase

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7
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram positive - MRSA, MSSA

A

skin, bone, joint, IV lines, blood stream, implants, heart valves, lungs

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8
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram positive - streptococcus (group A, B, C, G)

A

skin, bone, joint, bloodstream

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9
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram positive - streptococcus pneumoniae

A

brain, ENT, joint, bloodstream

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10
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram positive - enterococcus pneumoniae

A

brain, ENT, joint, bloodstream

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11
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram positive - enterococcus fecalis

A

bloodstream, heart valves, abdomen, GI, urinary tract

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12
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram positive - anaerobe

A

1) finegoldia magna: skin, mouth, upper repi tract
2) clostridiodes difficile: abdomen, GI

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13
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram negative - anaerobe

A

bacteroids fragilis: abdomen, GI

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14
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram negative - haemophilus influenzae

A

ENT, lungs

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15
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram negative - E.coli, Klebsiella sp, P. Mirabilis

A

abdomen, GI, urinary tract, blood stream, DM foot (community acquired)

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16
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram negative - ESBL-producing E. coli, Kleb

A

hospital acquired

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17
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram negative - enterobacter (AMP-C producing GNR)

A

abdomen, urinary tract, bloodstream, DM foot

18
Q

common bacteria pathogen & location - gram negative - pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

lung, urinary tract, bloodstream, device-related DM foot

19
Q

description of bacteria - staphylococcus aureus

A
  • gram pos
  • cocci
  • aerobic
  • catalase +ve
  • clusters
  • coagulase +ve
20
Q

description of bacteria - coagulase -ve staphylococcus

A
  • gram pos
  • cocci
  • aerobic
  • catalase +ve
  • cluster
  • coagulase -ve
21
Q

description of bacteria - enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium

A
  • gram pos
  • cocci
  • aerobic
  • catalase -ve
  • pairs/chains
  • enterococci (Group D)
22
Q

description of bacteria - beta haemolytic streptococcus

A
  • gram pos
  • cocci
  • aerobic
  • catalase -ve
  • pairs/chains
  • streptococci
23
Q

description of bacteria - different types of beta haemolytic streptococcus and their groups

A
  • streptococcus pyogenes: group A
  • streptococcus agalactiae: group B
  • streptococcus suis: group C
  • streptococcus bocis: group D
24
Q

description of bacteria - types of viridians type streptococci

A

streptococcus anginosa
streptococcus constellatus
streptococcus intermedius
streptococcus salivarius
streptococcus sanguis

25
Q

description of bacteria - viridians type streptococci characteristics

A
  • gram pos
  • cocci
  • aerobic
  • catalase -ve
  • streptococci
  • alpha haemolytic
  • optochin resistant
26
Q

description of bacteria - streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • gram pos
  • cocci
  • aerobic
  • catalase -ve
  • pairs/chains
  • streptococci
  • alpha haemolyic
  • optochin sensitive
27
Q

description of bacteria - neisseria gonorrhoeae

A
  • gram neg
  • cocci/coccobacilli
  • strict anerobic growth
  • oxidase positive
28
Q

description of bacteria - acinetobacter spp.

A
  • gram neg
  • cocci/coccobacilli
  • aerobic/facultative growth
  • oxidase negative
29
Q

description of bacteria - pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  • gram neg
  • rods
  • strict aerobic growth
30
Q

description of bacteria - bacteriodes spp.

A
  • gram neg
  • rods
  • strict anaerobic growth
31
Q

description of bacteria - escherichia coli

A
  • gram neg
  • rods
  • aerobic facultative growth
  • simple growth requirements
  • oxidase negative
  • lactose fermenters
32
Q

description of bacteria - all oxidase positive bacteria

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram neg)
pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram neg)

33
Q

description of bacteria - all oxidase negative bacteria

A

e. coli (Gram neg)
acinetobacter spp. (gram neg)

34
Q

description of bacteria - coagulase positive bacteria

A

staph aureus (Gram pos)

35
Q

description of bacteria - coagulase negative bacteria

A

coagulase-negative staphylocci (Gram pos)

36
Q

description of bacteria - catalase positive bacteria

A
  • staph aureus (gram pos)
  • coagulase-negative staphylococci (gram pos)
37
Q

description of bacteria - cocci/coccobacilli

A

neisseria gonorrhoeae (gram neg)
acinetobacter spp (gram neg)

staph aureus (gram pos)
enterocci (gram pos)
coagulase-negative staphylococci (gram pos)
enterocci (gram pos)
beta haemolytic streptococcus (gram pos)
viridans type streptococci (Gram pos)
streptococcus pneumoniae (gram pos)

38
Q

description of bacteria - rods

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram neg)
E. coli (Gram neg)

39
Q

factors affecting in vivo activity of antimicrobial

A

1) immune system
2) drug protein binding
3) ability of drug to reach infection site
4) drainage/removal of infected foci
5) drug interactions
6) some bacteria only express enzymes that inhibit antibiotic in vivo

40
Q

how does each types of antimicrobial susceptibility testing work

A

1) agar/broth dilution method

  • uses MIC

2) Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method

  • agar plate swabbed w standardised conc of microorganism
  • filter paper disc containing set conc of Abx
  • Abx diffuse outwards
  • diameter of zone of inhibition correlated to antimicrobial activity

3) E-test

  • agar based w graduated Abx concentrations layered on plastic strip
  • MIC where growth intersect w plastic strip
41
Q

how to use MIC/zone of inhibition to predict therapeutic response

A
  • utilises breakpoints
  • concentration that predicts susceptibility/resistance
  • interpret S, I, R

1) S: susceptibility/susceptibility dose dependent

  • likely therapeutic success
  • infection can be treated w dosage of antimicrobial agent recommended

2) I: intermediate

  • uncertain response
  • infection treated if drug physically concentrated or if high dose used
  • buffer zone that prevent small, uncontrolled, technical factors from causing major discrepanices

3) R: resistant

  • therapeutic failure
  • X inhibited by drug
42
Q

what is antibiogram and its uses

A
  • cumulative susceptibility results
  • antimicrobial susceptibility of common bacterial isolates collected in a hospital/institution
  • uses:
    1) assess local susceptibility rate
    2) monitor resistance over time
    3) guide selection of antibiotic treatment (empiric therapy) when culture & susceptibility results X available
43
Q

how does antimicrobial resistance occur

A

mutation/gene transfer → selection pressure → drug resistant bacteria multiply & thrive

PR3151 CA1 (5 decks)

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