ic1 (anatomy)

Question 1

what does the CNS and PNS consist of

Answer 1

CNS: brain and spinal cord

PNS: cranial nerves (12 pairs) and spinal nerves (31 pairs)

Question 2

Forebrain consists of

Answer 2

Cerebrum

Diencephalon (contain hypothalamus)

Question 3

Cranial nerves and Nuclei for Midbrain

Answer 3

Cranial nerves: 3,4
Nuclei: 3-5

Question 4

Midbrain contains

Answer 4

Superior colliculus: visual pathways

Inferior colliculus: auditory pathways

Question 5

Hindbrain consist of (3 points)

Answer 5

Pons

Medulla oblongata (brain stem)

Cerebellum

Question 6

Pons cranial nerves and Nuclei

Answer 6

5-8

Question 7

Function of Medulla oblongata

Answer 7

regulate CV function and respiratory function

Question 8

Cranial nerves and Nuclei of Medulla Oblongata

Answer 8

Cranial nerves: 9-12
Nuclei: 5, 9-12

Question 9

Function of Cerebellum (ic2)

Answer 9

coordinates movement

Question 10

What are the lobes separated by?

Answer 10

Sulcus

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 11

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

Answer 11

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Question 12

which lobes are superior to lateral fissure?

Which lobe is inferior to lateral fissure?

Answer 12

Frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Temporal lobe

Question 13

Types of cells in brain

Answer 13

Neurons

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Miroglial

Question 14

How do Axons conduct signals

Axons cell components

Answer 14

Away from cell body

Axon cytoplasm lacks ribosomes, RER, Golgi apparatus

Question 15

How do Axons receive materials

Answer 15

Anterograde transport
of essential proteins and molecules

Question 16

How do Dendrites conduct impulses

Which organelle do Dendrites lack

Answer 16

toward cell body

Contain all organelles except Golgi apparatus

Question 17

Function of Oligodendrocytes

Answer 17

Form myelin sheaths around axons

One oligodendrocyte can form myelin sheath over multiple axons

Question 18

Function of Astrocytes (4 points)

Answer 18

Forms BBB, regulate exchange of nutrients and metabolites

Provide structural support to neurons, specifically at synapse

(cycle neurotransmitters) Metabolise neurotransmitters at synapse + Release neurotransmitter at presynaptic terminal to enhance signal

Has pedicles that attach to blood vessels, cause vasoconstriction or dilation

Question 19

Function of microglial cells

Answer 19

Brain macrophages

Phagocytosis

Enlarge and become mobile after injury to CNS

Secrete proinflammatory mediators eg. TNF-a, IL-1B

Question 20

What are the Glial cells of the PNS

Answer 20

Satellite cells
Schwann cells

Question 21

What are the 3 connective tissue elements of the nerve fibre

Answer 21

Epineurim
Perineurim
Endoneurim

Question 22

What is a bundle of nerves called

What surrounds it

Answer 22

Fascicle

Perineurim

Question 23

What surrounds each individual nerve fibre

Answer 23

Endoneurim

Surrounded by Schwann cells

Question 24

What supplies blood to the brain

Answer 24

Internal carotid arteries

Vertebral arteries

Question 25

Which structures enter through the Foramen Magnum

Answer 25

Spinal cord, Vertebral artery

Question 26

Where do the vertebral arteries supply blood to

Answer 26

(lower structures of brain) Spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

Question 27

Vertebral arteries form to give...

Answer 27

Basilar artery

Question 28

Where is Carotid artery situated?

Answer 28

Within Cavernous sinus (large vein)

Question 29

What does carotid artery divide into

Answer 29

ACA, MCA Anterior Cerebral Artery Middle Cerebral Artery

Question 30

Which artery supplies to medial surface, which artery supplies to lateral surface?

Answer 30

Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies medial, except occipital lobe Middle Cerebral Artery supplies lateral surface

Question 31

What connects the Circle of willis

Answer 31

anterior and posterior communicating arteries connect Anterior, Middle, Posterior Cerebral Arteries

Question 32

Where does blood from brain drain into

Answer 32

venous sinus, eventually into internal jugular vein

Question 33

Where is CSF produced

Answer 33

Chloroid plexus

Question 34

CSF is absorbed into

Answer 34

superior sagittal sinus by arachnoid granulations