icc Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is computing? Explain the different types of computing.
Computing is the process of using computers and relatedtechnologies to process, manage and communicate information
Personal, cloud, mobile, client-server, high performance, edge computing
Define cloud computing. How does it differ from traditional computing?
Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services over the
internet (“the cloud”) rather than through local servers or personal
devices.
differences- deployment, cost, scalability,maintaninance, accessability, speed.
Why is cloud computing important in today’s technological landscape?
Cloud computing is important because it:
Reduces costs with pay-as-you-go pricing 💰
Scales resources up or down easily 📈
Supports remote work with anytime, anywhere access 🌍
Offers high security and automatic updates 🔐
Enables real-time collaboration 🤝
Provides access to advanced technologies like AI & big data 🚀
Ensures business continuity through backups & disaster recovery 🔄
Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with cloud computing.
🟦 Challenges:
🔐 Data Security & Privacy – Risks of breaches, insider threats, and data regulation compliance (e.g., GDPR).
📉 Downtime & Availability – Service outages can disrupt access to critical applications.
💸 Cost Management – Uncontrolled usage may lead to unexpected costs.
🔗 Vendor Lock-in – Difficult to switch providers due to compatibility and data migration issues.
⚙️ Limited Control – Less customization and control over infrastructure.
📶 Performance Issues – Latency or bandwidth limitations can affect high-demand apps.
🧠 Skill Gaps – Requires new technical skills and training for IT teams.
🟦 Opportunities:
💰 Cost Efficiency – Eliminates capital expenditure; pay only for what’s used.
📈 Scalability – Instantly scale resources up/down based on demand.
🌍 Remote Access – Work from anywhere with internet access.
🔄 Automatic Updates – Cloud providers handle maintenance and upgrades.
🔬 Innovation – Easy access to AI, machine learning, and big data tools.
🤝 Collaboration – Real-time sharing and teamwork across locations.
🔁 Disaster Recovery – Built-in redundancy and backup options.
Explain how cloud computing works.
🔹 Frontend (Client Side):
User Interface (UI)
Device
🔹 Backend (Cloud Provider Side):
Infrastructure: Physical servers, storage, and network hardware in remote data centers.
Virtualization: Hardware is virtualized into virtual machines (VMs) to provide scalable resources.
Services: IaaS,PaaS, SaaS
Concepts of Reliability, Elasticity, Scalability, Pay-as-you-Go model, Cost effectiveness
🟦 Reliability
Ensures cloud services are available and functional without interruptions.
🟦 Elasticity
Ability to automatically adjust resources (up or down) based on real-time demand.
🟦 Scalability
Ability to increase or decrease capacity (manually or automatically) to meet long-term needs.
🟦 Pay-as-you-Go Model
Users pay only for the resources they use—like electricity or water.
🟦 Cost Effectiveness
Cloud reduces IT costs by eliminating hardware purchases, enabling efficient resource use, and minimizing over-provisioning.
IaaS, SaaS, PaaS, HaaS
🟦 IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service
Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet.
🖥️ Users manage: OS, apps, storage
📌 Use case: Hosting websites, data backup, custom app environments
🟦 PaaS – Platform as a Service
Provides a platform for developers to build, run, and deploy applications without managing infrastructure.
🧱 Includes: OS, middleware, development tools
📌 Use case: Web & app development
🟦 SaaS – Software as a Service
Delivers fully functional applications over the internet on a subscription basis.
📱 Users access software via browser or app
📌 Use case: Email, CRM, collaboration tools
🟦 HaaS – Hardware as a Service
Provides physical hardware (e.g., servers, storage) on a rental or subscription basis.
🔧 Hardware is owned and managed by the provider
📌 Use case: Temporary projects, SMBs needing enterprise hardware
Storage hierarchy in cloud
- 🔹 Cache / In-Memory Storage
Fastest, most expensive
Used for: real-time data processing, temporary storage
Example: Redis, Memcached - 🔹 Block Storage
Data is stored in fixed-size blocks
High performance for databases and virtual machines
Example: AWS EBS, Azure Disk Storage - 🔹 File Storage
Organized in a hierarchical folder structure
Used for shared file systems and applications
Example: Amazon EFS, Azure Files, Google Filestore - 🔹 Object Storage
Data stored as objects with metadata and unique ID
Scalable, ideal for unstructured data (images, videos, backups)
Example: Amazon S3, Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage - 🔹 Cold / Archival Storage
Slowest, cheapest
Used for long-term data that is rarely accessed
Example: Amazon Glacier, Azure Archive Storage
What is Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)? Provide an example and explain its key concepts.
SaaS is a cloud service model where software applications are hosted by a provider and delivered to users over the internet.
🔹 Example:
Google Workspace (formerly G Suite)
Includes Gmail, Docs, Sheets, Drive — accessible via browser with no local installation.
🔑 Key Concepts of SaaS:
>Cloud-Based Delivery: Software is accessed
online via web or app.
>Subscription Pricing: Pay monthly or annually per user or usage.
>Multi-Tenancy: One instance of the software serves multiple users securely.
>Automatic Updates: Provider handles updates, patches, and maintenance.
>Accessibility: Use from any device with internet access.
>Scalability: Add or remove users easily as needs change.
Describe Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). Give an example and discuss its main features.
PaaS is a cloud computing service model that provides a platform allowing developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without managing the underlying infrastructure.
🔹 Example:
Google App Engine
Allows developers to deploy apps directly to Google’s infrastructure without configuring servers.
🔑 Main Features of PaaS:
>Development Tools: Built-in IDEs, APIs, and frameworks.
>Application Hosting: Easily deploy and run apps.
>Database Management: Integrated database services (SQL/NoSQL).
>Middleware: Handles messaging, authentication, and connectivity.
>Scalability: Automatically adjusts resources based on app demand.
>Security & Compliance: Integrated security features and data compliance tools.
>Team Collaboration: Shared environment for dev teams to collaborate on projects.
Explain Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS). Provide an example and outline its core concepts.
Hardware as a Service (HaaS) is a business model that allows
companies to access physical digital infrastructure on a subscription
basis, rather than purchasing it outright.
eg-
– Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE) GreenLake: Provides a range of hardware
solutions on a pay-per-use basis.
– Dell Technologies APEX: Offers storage, servers, and hyper-converged infrastructure as-a-service.
– Cisco Plus: Focuses on networking hardware and services.
> Reduced Capital Expenditures
Simplified IT Management
Enhanced Scalability
Risk mitigation
Environmental Benefits
drawbacks- 1 may not have the same benefits as owning that hardware,2 may not be ideal for every business
Compare IaaS, PaaS and SaaS
▪ IaaS: Provides infrastructure; users manage operating systems,
applications, and middleware.
▪ PaaS: Adds development tools and middleware to the infrastructure,
simplifying application development.
▪ SaaS: Delivers fully managed applications directly to end-users.
Compare and contrast private, public, and hybrid clouds.
Resources
Tenancy
Pay Model
Operated by
Scalability and Flexibility
Expensive (Cost)
Availability
Explain use cases and implementation of Hybrid cloud
▪ Seasonal Workloads: E-commerce companies can use public cloud
resources during peak seasons while relying on private clouds for
regular operations.
▪ Disaster Recovery: Critical data is stored in private clouds, while
public clouds provide backup and failover capabilities.
▪ Development and Testing: Developers can use public clouds for quick
and cost-effective resource provisioning, then deploy applications in
a secure private cloud.
Write a note on Salesforce cloud and its services
Salesforce
▪ Salesforce is a cloud-based Customer Relationship Management
(CRM) platform designed to help businesses streamline their sales,
marketing, customer service, and other operations.
offerings:
▪ Sales Cloud – Manages leads, opportunities, and customer accounts. Tracks sales activities and automates workflows to improve sales efficiency.
▪ Service Cloud – Centralizes customer service and support operations. Features include case management, knowledge bases, and chatbots.
▪ Marketing Cloud – Tools for personalized marketing campaigns across email, social media, and other channels.
▪ Commerce Cloud – Enables businesses to create seamless online shopping experiences.
▪ Tableau Analytics – Offers advanced analytics and data visualization capabilities. Helps businesses make data-driven decisions.
▪ Slack Integration – Enhances team collaboration and communication by integrating with Salesforce
data and workflows.
▪ Pardot – A marketing automation tool designed for B2B businesses.
▪ Einstein A – Artificial intelligence capabilities for predictive analytics, insights ▪ AppExchange: – Salesforce’s marketplace for third-party apps and integrations.
▪ Custom Application Development– Leverages Salesforce’s Lightning Platform to build custom apps tailored to business needs.
Explain AWS – IAM.
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a service that helps you securely control access to AWS resources. IAM lets you create and manage AWS users and groups, and use permissions to allow and deny their access to AWS resources.
Explain AWS – IAM – properties / facilities – Discuss following aspects of
1. Access Control
- Access Control
>Granular Permissions: IAM allows fine-grained control over who can access which AWS services and resources.
>Policies: Access is defined using JSON-based policies attached to users, groups, or roles.
>Principle of Least Privilege: Encourages giving users only the permissions they need to perform their tasks.
Explain AWS – IAM – properties / facilities – Discuss following aspects of
2. Central management
- Central Management
>Unified Console: IAM provides a centralized dashboard to manage users, permissions, roles, and policies across all AWS services.
>Groups and Roles: Organize users into groups for bulk permission management or assign roles to services/users for temporary access.
>Integration: Can integrate with AWS Organizations for multi-account centralized access management.
Explain AWS – IAM – properties / facilities – Discuss following aspects of
3. MFA (security granularity)
> MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication) – Security Granularity
Extra Layer of Security: MFA requires users to provide a second form of authentication >(e.g., mobile app, hardware token).
Per-User Configuration: MFA can be enforced for specific users or all users.
Adaptive Use: Helps meet compliance requirements for sensitive operations (e.g., root account access or deleting critical resources).
Explain AWS – IAM – properties / facilities – Discuss following aspects of
4. Governance
- Governance
>Auditing and Monitoring: Integrated with AWS CloudTrail to log all IAM-related actions for accountability.
>Policy Simulator: Lets you test and validate policies to ensure they enforce intended access rules.
>Compliance: IAM supports governance frameworks like HIPAA, GDPR, and ISO by offering access visibility and control tools.
Explain AWS – IAM – properties / facilities – Discuss following aspects of
5. Adaptability
- Adaptability
>Scalable Design: Works with small startups to large enterprises with complex access requirements.
>Custom Roles: IAM roles support temporary access and cross-account access, making it adaptable for various use cases.
>Federated Access: Supports integration with identity providers (like Active Directory, SAML 2.0, or OpenID Connect) for seamless user identity federation.
Explain Microsoft Azure – VM, App Service, Blob Storage, Shared responsibility Model
- Azure Virtual Machine (VM)
Definition: Azure VM is an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) offering that provides scalable, on-demand computing resources in the form of virtual servers.
Key Features:
Customizable OS (Windows/Linux) and configuration
Supports remote access and persistent storage
Ideal for hosting apps, databases, or running development/test environments
Use Cases: Web hosting, application development, running legacy software, backup environments
Explain Microsoft Azure – VM, App Service, Blob Storage, Shared responsibility Model
- Azure App Service
Definition: Azure App Service is a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) that lets you build and host web apps, RESTful APIs, and mobile backends.
Key Features:
Supports .NET, Java, Node.js, Python, PHP, and more
Built-in CI/CD and deployment from GitHub, Azure DevOps, etc.
Autoscaling and custom domain/SSL support
Use Cases: Building scalable web applications quickly without managing infrastructure
Explain Microsoft Azure – VM, App Service, Blob Storage, Shared responsibility Model
- Azure Blob Storage
Definition: Azure Blob Storage is a scalable object storage service for unstructured data like text, images, videos, and backups.
Key Features:
Offers hot, cool, and archive access tiers
Supports REST API access and integrates with Azure Data Lake
Highly durable and redundant storage options
Use Cases: Media storage, backup and recovery, big data analytics, data archiving
