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Key facts Phase 2a > ICS > Flashcards

ICS Flashcards

1
Q

Blood marker secreted by granulomas

A

ACE

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2
Q

Granuloma definition

A

Macrophage aggregation that forms in response to chronic inflammation
Also known as histocytes

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3
Q

What’s suppuration

A

Pus formation

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4
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness (rubor)
Pain (dolor)
Heat (calor)
Swelling (tumor)
Loss of function

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5
Q

Which immune cell type mediates acute inflammation

A

polymorph neutrophil

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6
Q

Which immune cell type mediates chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages (forms granulomas)

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7
Q

Name specialised macrophages in liver, bone and brain

A

Kupffer cells, osteoclasts, microglia

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8
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Produce collagenous connective tissue in scarring following inflammation

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9
Q

4 outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Resolution - complete restoration of tissue
  2. Suppuration - pus formation surrounded by pyogenic membrane leading to scarring
  3. Reorganisation - replacement by granulation tissue
  4. Progression - chronic inflammation
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10
Q

Acute inflammatory mediators producing vasodilation

A
  1. Complement component C5a
  2. Lysosomal compounds
  3. Histamine
  4. Prostaglandins
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11
Q

Cells that can’t regenerate

A
  1. Myocardial cells
  2. Neurones
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12
Q

Steps of wound healing

A
  1. Haemostasis (sec-min)
  2. Inflammation (days)
  3. Proliferation (2-3 weeks)
  4. Remodelling (up to 2 years)
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13
Q

Thrombus formation

A

Damage to endothelial cells
Collagen exposed
Platelets activated
Platelets aggregate and trigger fibrinogen conversion to fibrin
Thrombus formation

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14
Q

Thrombus can occur due to (Virchow’s triad)

A
  1. Change in vessel wall (smoking)
  2. Reduced blood flow/stasis
  3. Change in blood constituents/increased coaguabiity
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15
Q

Atheroclerosis formation

A
  1. Endothelial cell dysfunction and increased endothelial permeability
  2. LDL diapedesis into tunica intima and oxidises in the presence of free radicals
  3. Endothelial cell inflammation - VCAM expressed for leukocytes adhesions
  4. Macrophages engulf ox-LDL to form foam cells
  5. Foam cells apoptose (fatty streaks) and necrotic core forms
  6. SMC proliferation around lipid core (fibrous cap)
  7. Plaque occludes lumen (stable angina) OR ruptures (unstable angina)
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16
Q

Secondary preventive measures for atherosclerosis GP can prescribe

A

Statin, antihypertensives, T2DM medication, antiplatelet (aspirin), social prescribing (weight loss groups and gym vouchers)

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17
Q

Primary preventative measures for atherosclerosis

A

Exercise, healthy diet (less salt, saturated fats and sugar), smoking cessation, decrease stress

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18
Q

Which protein detects DNA damage and triggers caspases cascade leading to apoptosis

A

p53

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19
Q

How to reduce aging

A

Reduce damage to cells - caloric restriction (reduces metabolic processes) and sun cream to protect from uv cross-linking proteins in the dermis

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20
Q

Conditions caused by cross-linking proteins by UV-B

A

Dermal elastosis (wrinkling)
Cataracts

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21
Q

Which cancer is associated with dyes and rubber

A

Bladder cancer

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22
Q

Which cancer is associated with chimney sweeps (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)

A

Scrotal cancer

23
Q

Which cancers commonly spread to bone

A

BLT KP
B - Breast
L - Lung
T - Thyroid
P - Prostate
K - Kidney

24
Q

How to invasive carcinomas avoid immune reaction

A

Aggregates with platelets
Shed surface antigens
Adhere to other tumour cells

25
Q

What does tumour secrete in order to grow it’s own blood supply (angiogenesis)?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor
Fibroblast growth factor

26
Q

Which organ is the most likely place for tumours to metastasise

A

Lungs

27
Q

Which tumours are likely to metastasise to liver?

A

Colon
Stomach
Pancreas
Intestine

28
Q

Most common cancer in men

A

Prostate

29
Q

Most common cancer in women

A

Breast

30
Q

Cancer most likely to cause death in both males and females

A

Lung

31
Q

Benign glandular/secretory epithelial tumour

A

Adenoma

32
Q

Malignant glandular/secretory epithelial tumour

A

Adenocarcinoma

33
Q

Benign non-glandular/secretory epithelial tumour

A

Papilloma

34
Q

Malignant non-glandular/secretory epithelial tumour

A

Carcinoma

35
Q

Suffix for malignant connective tissue tumour

A

-sarcoma

36
Q

Prefix for cartilage

A

Chrondro-

37
Q

Prefix for striated muscle

A

Rhabdomy-

38
Q

Prefix for smooth muscle

A

Leiomyo-

39
Q

What is the function of complement system

A
  1. Direct lysis of cell (formation of MAC complexes)
  2. Attract leukocytes to site of infection
  3. Coat invading organisms (opsonisation)
40
Q

Innate immune cells

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, oesonophils

41
Q

Adaptive immune cells

A

Lymphocytes (T, B and plasma)

42
Q

How do immune cells sense microbes

A

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) on immune cell binds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on the microbe

43
Q

In which immune cells are PRRs found

A

Innate - macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils

44
Q

How does innate and adaptive immune system interact with eachother?

A

Through antigen presentation
1. Macrophages engulf pathogen (via antibody/C3b/mannose receptor)
2. Pathogen antigen presented on macrophage surface on MHC (intracellular antigens on MCH 1 and extracellular antigens on MHC 2)
3. T lymphocytes responds to antigen presented on MHC and is activated into either CD4 or CD8
4. CD8 kills pathogens directly
5. CD4 further differentiates into Th1 (activates macrophage) and Th2 (interacts with B cells)
6. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies

45
Q

Which receptor is present in all cells and recognise bacteria?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLR)
2 - Gram +ve
5 - flagella
4 - endotoxin (LPS)
3/7/8/9 - RNA

46
Q

Which immunoglobulin is predominant in initial exposure to antigen

A

IgM

47
Q

Which immunoglobulin is predominant in secondary response

A

IgG

48
Q

Examples of type I hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it

A

Hayfever, asthma, eczema, food allergy, anaphylaxis
IgE-mediated

49
Q

Examples of type II hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it

A

anti-GBM, rheumatic fever, myasthenia gravis, Grave’s disease
IgG

50
Q

Examples of type III hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it

A

Immunoglobulin deposition in tissues - vasculitis, nephritis (IgA), arthritis
IgG/IgM

51
Q

Examples of type III hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it

A

Immunoglobulin deposition in tissues - vasculitis, nephritis (IgA), arthritis
IgG/IgM

52
Q

Intrinsic apoptosis pathway

A
  1. Oxidative stress causes release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol
  2. Cytochrome c binds to Apaf-1 to form apoptosome complex
  3. Apoptosome complex recruits and activates caspases
  4. Caspases cleave various intracellular target leading to dismantling of cellular components
53
Q

Extrinsic apoptosis pathway

A
  1. Extracellular Fas ligand or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) bind to death receptor (FAS or TNF receptor 1)
  2. Death receptor couples with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or TNF receptor-associated death domain intracellularly (TRADD)
  3. FADD or TRADD recruit and activate caspase 8, which activates further caspases
  4. Caspases lead to dismantling of cellular components and fragmentation of DNA

Key facts Phase 2a (5 decks)

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