Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Key facts Phase 2a > ICS > Flashcards

ICS Flashcards

1
Q

Blood marker secreted by granulomas

A

ACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Granuloma definition

A

Macrophage aggregation that forms in response to chronic inflammation
Also known as histocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s suppuration

A

Pus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness (rubor)
Pain (dolor)
Heat (calor)
Swelling (tumor)
Loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which immune cell type mediates acute inflammation

A

polymorph neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which immune cell type mediates chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages (forms granulomas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name specialised macrophages in liver, bone and brain

A

Kupffer cells, osteoclasts, microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Produce collagenous connective tissue in scarring following inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Resolution - complete restoration of tissue
  2. Suppuration - pus formation surrounded by pyogenic membrane leading to scarring
  3. Reorganisation - replacement by granulation tissue
  4. Progression - chronic inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acute inflammatory mediators producing vasodilation

A
  1. Complement component C5a
  2. Lysosomal compounds
  3. Histamine
  4. Prostaglandins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cells that can’t regenerate

A
  1. Myocardial cells
  2. Neurones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Steps of wound healing

A
  1. Haemostasis (sec-min)
  2. Inflammation (days)
  3. Proliferation (2-3 weeks)
  4. Remodelling (up to 2 years)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thrombus formation

A

Damage to endothelial cells
Collagen exposed
Platelets activated
Platelets aggregate and trigger fibrinogen conversion to fibrin
Thrombus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thrombus can occur due to (Virchow’s triad)

A
  1. Change in vessel wall (smoking)
  2. Reduced blood flow/stasis
  3. Change in blood constituents/increased coaguabiity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Atheroclerosis formation

A
  1. Endothelial cell dysfunction and increased endothelial permeability
  2. LDL diapedesis into tunica intima and oxidises in the presence of free radicals
  3. Endothelial cell inflammation - VCAM expressed for leukocytes adhesions
  4. Macrophages engulf ox-LDL to form foam cells
  5. Foam cells apoptose (fatty streaks) and necrotic core forms
  6. SMC proliferation around lipid core (fibrous cap)
  7. Plaque occludes lumen (stable angina) OR ruptures (unstable angina)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Secondary preventive measures for atherosclerosis GP can prescribe

A

Statin, antihypertensives, T2DM medication, antiplatelet (aspirin), social prescribing (weight loss groups and gym vouchers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primary preventative measures for atherosclerosis

A

Exercise, healthy diet (less salt, saturated fats and sugar), smoking cessation, decrease stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which protein detects DNA damage and triggers caspases cascade leading to apoptosis

A

p53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How to reduce aging

A

Reduce damage to cells - caloric restriction (reduces metabolic processes) and sun cream to protect from uv cross-linking proteins in the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Conditions caused by cross-linking proteins by UV-B

A

Dermal elastosis (wrinkling)
Cataracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which cancer is associated with dyes and rubber

A

Bladder cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which cancer is associated with chimney sweeps (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)

A

Scrotal cancer

23
Q

Which cancers commonly spread to bone

A

BLT KP
B - Breast
L - Lung
T - Thyroid
P - Prostate
K - Kidney

24
Q

How to invasive carcinomas avoid immune reaction

A

Aggregates with platelets
Shed surface antigens
Adhere to other tumour cells

25
What does tumour secrete in order to grow it's own blood supply (angiogenesis)?
Vascular endothelial growth factor Fibroblast growth factor
26
Which organ is the most likely place for tumours to metastasise
Lungs
27
Which tumours are likely to metastasise to liver?
Colon Stomach Pancreas Intestine
28
Most common cancer in men
Prostate
29
Most common cancer in women
Breast
30
Cancer most likely to cause death in both males and females
Lung
31
Benign glandular/secretory epithelial tumour
Adenoma
32
Malignant glandular/secretory epithelial tumour
Adenocarcinoma
33
Benign non-glandular/secretory epithelial tumour
Papilloma
34
Malignant non-glandular/secretory epithelial tumour
Carcinoma
35
Suffix for malignant connective tissue tumour
-sarcoma
36
Prefix for cartilage
Chrondro-
37
Prefix for striated muscle
Rhabdomy-
38
Prefix for smooth muscle
Leiomyo-
39
What is the function of complement system
1. Direct lysis of cell (formation of MAC complexes) 2. Attract leukocytes to site of infection 3. Coat invading organisms (opsonisation)
40
Innate immune cells
Macrophages, neutrophils, oesonophils
41
Adaptive immune cells
Lymphocytes (T, B and plasma)
42
How do immune cells sense microbes
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) on immune cell binds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on the microbe
43
In which immune cells are PRRs found
Innate - macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils
44
How does innate and adaptive immune system interact with eachother?
Through antigen presentation 1. Macrophages engulf pathogen (via antibody/C3b/mannose receptor) 2. Pathogen antigen presented on macrophage surface on MHC (intracellular antigens on MCH 1 and extracellular antigens on MHC 2) 3. T lymphocytes responds to antigen presented on MHC and is activated into either CD4 or CD8 4. CD8 kills pathogens directly 5. CD4 further differentiates into Th1 (activates macrophage) and Th2 (interacts with B cells) 6. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
45
Which receptor is present in all cells and recognise bacteria?
Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 - Gram +ve 5 - flagella 4 - endotoxin (LPS) 3/7/8/9 - RNA
46
Which immunoglobulin is predominant in initial exposure to antigen
IgM
47
Which immunoglobulin is predominant in secondary response
IgG
48
Examples of type I hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it
Hayfever, asthma, eczema, food allergy, anaphylaxis IgE-mediated
49
Examples of type II hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it
anti-GBM, rheumatic fever, myasthenia gravis, Grave's disease IgG
50
Examples of type III hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it
Immunoglobulin deposition in tissues - vasculitis, nephritis (IgA), arthritis IgG/IgM
51
Examples of type III hypersensitivity reaction and immunoglobulin associated with it
Immunoglobulin deposition in tissues - vasculitis, nephritis (IgA), arthritis IgG/IgM
52
Intrinsic apoptosis pathway
1. Oxidative stress causes release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol 2. Cytochrome c binds to Apaf-1 to form apoptosome complex 3. Apoptosome complex recruits and activates caspases 4. Caspases cleave various intracellular target leading to dismantling of cellular components
53
Extrinsic apoptosis pathway
1. Extracellular Fas ligand or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) bind to death receptor (FAS or TNF receptor 1) 2. Death receptor couples with Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or TNF receptor-associated death domain intracellularly (TRADD) 3. FADD or TRADD recruit and activate caspase 8, which activates further caspases 4. Caspases lead to dismantling of cellular components and fragmentation of DNA

Key facts Phase 2a (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions