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Phase 2a > ICS - Pathology > Flashcards

ICS - Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of autopsy?

A

Hospital

Medico-legal

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2
Q

What are the three types of death referred to coroners?

A

Presumed natural
Presumed iatrogenic
Presumed unnatural

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3
Q

What is the definition of Inflammation?

A

The local physiological response to tissue injury

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4
Q

Name 5 cells involved in inflammation.

A 
Neutrophil Polymorphs
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Endothelial Cells
Fibroblasts
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5
Q

What is the characteristic cell recruited to the tissue in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil Polymorph

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6
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration (abscess)
Organisation (tissue replacement)
Progression to chronic inflammation

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7
Q

List 3 causes of acute inflammation.

A

Microbial infections
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Trauma

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8
Q

List 3 causes of chronic inflammation.

A

Transplant rejection
Progression from acute inflammation
Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation

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9
Q

Name an example of acute inflammation.

A

Acute appendicitis

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10
Q

Name an example of chronic inflammation.

A

Tuberculosis

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11
Q

What are granulomas and how do they appear?

A

Collections of epithelioid histiocytes (macrophages)

They appear with bundles of macrophages (these look like epithelial cells)

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12
Q

Name a drug that can be used to treat inflammation.

A

Aspirin

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13
Q

What is meant by ‘repair’?

A

Replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous tissue

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14
Q

Name 3 examples of cells that can regenerate.

A

Hepatocytes
Osteocytes
Pneumocytes

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15
Q

Name 2 examples of cells that can’t regenerate.

A

Mycoardial cells

Neurones

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16
Q

What is ‘organisation’?

A

The process whereby specialise tissues are repaired by the formation of mature fibrovascular connective tissue

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17
Q

What 2 things prevent clots forming (usually)?

A

Laminar flow - cells travel in the centre of the arterial vessels and don’t touch the sides
Endothelial cells aren’t ‘sticky’ when healthy

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18
Q

Define thrombosis

A

A solid mass of blood constituents formed within an intact vascular system during life

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19
Q

What are the 3 causes of thrombosis?

A

Change in vessel wall
Change in blood flow
Change in blood constituents

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20
Q

Define embolism

A

The process of a solid mass in the blood being carried through the circulation to a place where it gets stuck and blocks the vessel

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21
Q

Define embolus

A

A mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within a vessel and block it

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22
Q

Define Ischaemia

A

The reduction of blood flow to a tissue without any other implications

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23
Q

Defne Infarction

A

A reduction of blood flow to a tissue that is so reduced that it cannot support even mere maintenance of the cells in that tissue so they die

24
Q

Define end artery supply

A

An organ that only receives blood supply from one artery

25
Give examples of multiple arterial supplies
Pulmonary + Bronchial arteries - lungs Portal vein + hepatic artery - liver Circle of willis - brain
26
Define atheroma
The fatty material which forms deposits in the arteries
27
Define apoptosis
Programmed cell death
28
Define necrosis
Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply
29
Name 2 clinical examples of necrosis
Cerebral infarction | Avascular necrosis of bone
30
Give an example of a polygenic gene disorder
Breast Cancer | BRCA1 and BRCA2 have large individual effects on breast cancer
31
What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
``` Hypertrophy = increase in size of tissue due to increase in size of cells Hyperplasia = increase in size of tissue due to increase in number of cells ```
32
Define atrophy
A decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in number of the constituent cells or a decrease in their size
33
Define metaplasia
Change in differentiation of a cell from one fully-differentiated type to a different fully-differentiated type
34
Define dysplasia
Imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer
35
Define carcinogenesis
The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
36
How can carcinogens be classified?
Chemical, Viral, Radiation, Hormones, Miscellaneous
37
Define carcinogens
Agents known or suspected to cause tumours
38
Define neoplasm
A lesion resulting from the autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed (a new growth)
39
Give an example of a malignant neoplasm
Prostate cancer
40
Describe the nomenclature of neoplasia
Suffix 'oma' | Prefix depending on behavioural classification and cell type
41
Define papilloma
Benign tumour of non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium
42
Define adenoma
Benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium
43
Define carcinoma
Malignant tumour of epithelial cells
44
How are benign connective tissue neoplasms named and given an example
``` Named according to cell of origin with suffix 'oma' Lipoma - adipocytes Chondroma - cartilage Osteoma - bone Angioma - vascular ```
45
How are malignant connective tissue neoplasms named and given an example
'Sarcoma' prefixed by cell type of origin Liposarcoma - adipose tissue Osteosarcoma - bone Angiosarcoma - blood vessels
46
Define teratoma
Neoplasms containing tissues from all 3 embryological layers
47
Define carcinoma in situ
A malignant epithelial neoplasm that has not yet invaded through the original basement membrane
48
Define invase carcinoma
A carcinoma that has breached the basement membrane - it can now spread elsewhere
49
Micro-Invasive carcinoma
Has breached the basement membrane but hasn't invaded very far away from the original carcinoma
50
Give the 7 steps to the metastatic cascade
``` Detachment Invasion Intravasation Evasion of host defences Adherence Extravasation Vascularisation ```
51
Define angiogenesis
When tumours begins to grow their blood vessels (once they reach 1mm in diameter)
52
Which tumours commonly metastasise to the lung?
Sarcomas and any common cancers
53
Which tumours commonly metastasise to the liver?
Colon, stomach, pancreas and carcinoid tumours of intestine
54
Which tumours commonly metastasise to the bone?
Prostate, breast, thyroid, lung and kidney
55
What are the 3 components of Virchow's triangle?
Stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, hypercoagulability
56
What class of drug can be used to treat arterial thrombosis?
Anti-platelets e.g. Aspirin/ clopidogrel
57
What class of drug can be used to treat venous thrombosis?
Anti-coagulants e.g. warfarin, heparin, DOAC

Phase 2a (16 decks)

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