identity

Question 1

what is identity

Answer 1

how we feel about and view ourselves

Question 2

the fundamental biological, cognitive and social changes of adolescence provoke changes in ______.

Answer 2

identity

Question 3

what are possible selves?

Answer 3

various identities adolescents might imagine for themselves

Question 4

what can possible selves stimulate?

Answer 4

possible selves - various identities adolescents might imagine for themselves

can stimulate heightened self-consciousness and experimentation with different identities

Question 5

what is future orientation?

Answer 5

ability and tendency to think about long-term consequences of decision and choices (think about future selves)

Question 6

stronger future orientation in adolescents mean?

Answer 6

better mental health
less risky/delinquent/impulsive behavior

Question 7

in terms of social roles, adolescents think about _____ and prepare for__________.

Answer 7

place in society; adulthood

Question 8

identity development is best understood as a series of _______ developments. this means that we view ourselves _______.

Answer 8

interrelated; in relation to others and the broader society which we live

Question 9

what are the 3 approaches to studying how people’s sense of identity changes during adolescence?

Answer 9

1. self-conceptions
   traits/attributes used to describe/characterise ourselves
   “i am hardworking”
2. self-esteem
   how positively/negatively we feel about ourselves
   “i feel good about myself”
3. sense of identity
   who am i? where am i from? where am i going?
   “i want to be a doctor and help others”

Question 10

what is ASCSS

Answer 10

adolescents’ self-concept short scale

Question 11

what is RSE? how many items are on it?

Answer 11

rosenberg self-esteem scale

10 items

Question 12

as adolescents mature ___________ (cognitive changes), their self-conceptions become more _________. what are 3 features of this change in self-conception?

Answer 12

intellectually; sophisticated

1. better at considering abstract concepts than children
2. can process large amounts of information
3. can employ complex, abstract and psychological self-characterisations

Question 13

what are the 2 key changes in content and structure of self-concepts?

Answer 13

1. increased differentiation
2. better organisation and integration

Question 14

adolescents become better at organising and integrating their self-concepts.

The recognition of _______, _____________ personality may initially cause ___________ but has advantages in the long-run like increased __________.

Answer 14

multifaceted; contradictory; distress; self-awareness

**
Teens start to realize that they have different sides to their personality — like being confident with friends but shy at school. This can feel confusing or stressful at first. But over time, understanding these different parts of themselves helps them know who they really are and deal with life better.

Question 15

In adolescence, self-conceptions become clearer and more complex. With this, adolescents are less likely to become ________ or ____________.

Answer 15

depressed/anxious

Question 16

what is false-self behavior?

Answer 16

intentionally presenting a false impression to others

Question 17

can adolescents distinguish between their true/authentic self and false/inauthentic self?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

describe the occurrence of false-self behaviour.

Answer 18

1. more likely to occur in romantic situations
2. more likely to occur with classmates
3. least likely to occur with close friends
4. less likely to occur with parents than with acquaintances
5. more often with parents than with close friends

Question 19

describe the occurrence of false-self behaviour in adolescents with their parents.

Answer 19

less likely to occur with parents than with acquaintances

more often with parents than with close friends

Question 20

describe the vicious cycle between false-self behavior and low self-esteem

Answer 20

adolescents engage in false-self behavior due to low self-esteem.

engaging in false-self behavior causes a drop in self-esteem because they know they are putting on a false front.

low self-esteem causes them to put up a false front.

Question 21

do adolescents like engaging in false-self behavior?

Answer 21

no. but they think it is acceptable in certain situations like impressing others or hiding their disliked traits

Question 22

what are some reasons adolescents in false-self behaviour?

Answer 22

1. pleasing others
2. experimenting with identities
3. devalue true/authentic self (highest depression/hopelessness)

Question 23

what is the big 5 personality?

Answer 23

5-factor model.
Openness to experience (curious/imaginative)
Conscientiousness (responsible/organised)
Extraversion
Agreeableness (kind/sympathetic)
Neuroticism (anxious/tense)

Question 24

using the 5-factor model aka big 5,

delinquent adolescents score high in __________ and low in __________ and ___________.

Answer 24

high in extraversion

low in agreeableness n conscientiousness

Question 25

using the 5-factor model aka big 5, high-achieving adolescents score high in __________ and __________.

Answer 25

openness; conscientiousness

Question 26

there is a stereotype that adolescence is a time of ___________ in personality.

Answer 26

tumultuous upheaval

Question 27

traits are influenced by both _______ and __________ and become more _________ over time.

Answer 27

genes; environment; stable

Question 28

with age, individuals on average become: less _______ on the big 5 more _______ and _______ on the big 5 more _______ more __________

Answer 28

less extraverted more agreeable and conscientious more resilient more emotionally stable

Question 29

as we get older, we come to see __________ as ___________ see _________.

Answer 29

ourselves; others; us

Question 30

self-esteem becomes _______ stable during adolescence. those with higher self-esteem in early childhood tend to ________ self-esteem in later adolescence.

Answer 30

increasingly; maintain

Question 31

do self-esteem change over time?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

changes in self-esteem are greater during _______ adolescence than during ______ adolescence.

Answer 32

early; late/middle

Question 33

compared with preadolescents or older adolescents, _________ and __________ adolescents have ______ self-esteem, _______ self-consciousness and more ___________ self-image.

Answer 33

early; middle; lower; more; unstable

Question 34

distinguish among self-image, self-consciousness and self-image stability.

Answer 34

self-image: how you view yourself self-consciousness: how much you worry about self-image self-image stability: how much self-image changes over time

Question 35

what 3 interrelated factors cause fluctuations in self-image during early-adolescence?

Answer 35

1. egocentrism - become aware of others' reactions to their behaviour 2. social perception - realise it's not always possible to tell what people are thinking based on how they act/what they say 3. peer influence - especially interested in their peers' opinions of them

Question 36

what are the 2 main components of self-esteem?

Answer 36

1. physical self-esteem: how they feel about their physical appearance 2. social self-esteem: how they feel about their social r/s

Question 37

what is the first predictor of overall self-esteem for both boys and girls? wht is the second predictor?

Answer 37

physical self-esteem (how they feel about their physical appearance) - most important predictor of overall self-esteem for both boys and girls, though girls view it as more important than boys do 2nd predictor - social self-esteem (how they feel about social r/s)

Question 38

do adolescents rank physical self-esteem (how they feel about their physical appearance) as the most important contributors to their self-esteem?

Answer 38

no. despite it being the most important predictor of overall self-esteem, adolescents are unaware of its importance, and rank it as the least important.

Question 39

besides physical and social self-esteem, how adolescents feel about their _____ also predicts overall self-esteem. (just give 2) these are ____ important than physical and social self-esteem and depends on _____.

Answer 39

academic ability athletic ability moral conduct less; context

Question 40

early adolescent girls have __________ self-esteem, _____ self-consciousness and _____ self-image compared to boys. girls are more likely to: 1. say ___________ things about themselves 2. feel ______ about their abilities 3.

Answer 40

lower; higher; shakier negative insecure worry whether people like being with them

Question 41

why do early adolescent girls have lower self-esteem, higher self-consciousness and shakier self-image than boys?

Answer 41

Girls tend to place more importance on their looks and being accepted by friends. Because of this, their self-esteem is more affected by those things than boys’ self-esteem is. ## Footnote sex difference is related to the special significance of physical appearance and acceptance by peers in determining self-esteem.

Question 42

what are the 2 main influences of self-esteem on adolescents?

Answer 42

high self-esteem enhances adolescents' wellbeing lowe self-esteem may lead to psychological problems

Question 43

what causes enhanced self-esteem?

Answer 43

loving and supportive parents peer acceptance academic success

Question 44

what causes self-image issues?

Answer 44

when adolescents are too wrapped up in getting approval from others (especially their peers)

Question 45

self-image problems are derived more from _____ than from _____.

Answer 45

peers; parents/teachers

Question 46

how does low self-esteem cause loneliness? is it a cycle?

Answer 46

yes it's a cycle: low self-esteem discourages adolescents from seeking social support, causing loneliness loneliness then causes low self-esteem

Question 47

erikson's theoretical framework consists of 8 stages of psychosocial development, aka 8 psychological crises throughout lifetime. 1) name all 8. 2) which stage is adolescence, how old is that stage, and what is the psychosocial crisis during that stage?

Answer 47

infancy early childhood play age school age adolescence - 12-18 - identity vs identity diffusion young adulthood adulthood old age

Question 48

what is the key in resolving the crisis: identity vs identity diffusion during adolescence?

Answer 48

interactions with others

Question 49

why is the likelihood of experiencing a prolonged and difficult identity crisis greater today than previously?

Answer 49

- course of identity developments varies by culture + historical era - rapid social change today causes complications in identity development

Question 50

rapid social change today causes complications in identity development, which increased the likelihood of experiencing a prolonged and difficult identity crisis today. this created a need for?

Answer 50

psychosocial moratorium - a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities

Question 51

according to ______, loss of _____________ means lost _______. without the chance to explore/experiment/choose among options for the future, adolescents may not realise all that they are capable of becoming.

Answer 51

erikson; psychosocial moratorium; potential

Question 52

identity exploration continues into which stage of erikson's theoretical framework?

Answer 52

young adulthood

Question 53

when identity crisis is resolved, it culminates into a series of basic _____ commitments. what are some of them?

Answer 53

life occupational ideological social religious ethical sexual

Question 54

describe the cycle of identity development.

Answer 54

individuals make commitments and plans individuals explore commitments and plans in depth and reconsider them individuals change commitments and engage in more exploration

Question 55

if identity crisis is unresolved, usually due to lack of ____________, erikson proposed that there will be 3 problems. what are they?

Answer 55

psychosocial moratorium problems: 1. identity diffusion 2. identity foreclosure 3. negative identity

Question 56

if identity crisis is unresolved, usually due to lack of psychosocial moratorium, erikson proposed that there will be 3 problems, one of which is identity diffusion. 1. define 2. example

Answer 56

1. incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self 2. distorted sense of time (too fast/slow) extreme self-consciousness hindering decision-making work n school problems difficulty in forming intimate r/s concerns over sexuality

Question 57

if identity crisis is unresolved, usually due to lack of psychosocial moratorium, erikson proposed that there will be 3 problems, one of which is identity foreclosure. 1. define 2. example

Answer 57

1. premature establishment of sense of identity, before sufficient role experimentation has occurred 2. roles adopted often revolve around goals set by parents/authority figures interferes with discovery of full potential

Question 58

if identity crisis is unresolved, usually due to lack of psychosocial moratorium, erikson proposed that there will be 3 problems, one of which is negative identity. 1. define 2. example

Answer 58

1. selection of undesirable identity in the eyes of significant others and broader community 2. difficult to establish acceptable identity rather be "bad" than a "nobody"

Question 59

what is an identity status

Answer 59

the point in the identity development process that characterises an adolescent at a given time

Question 60

what are the 4 identity states of Marcia's work?

Answer 60

1. identity achievement established a coherent sense of identity 2. moratorium in the midst of exploration 3. identity foreclosure made commitments but without period of exploration 4. identity diffusion does not have firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

Question 61

does each individual have a fixed identity status, according to Marcia?

Answer 61

no. they move from state to state

Question 62

what is the impact of parenting on identity status under Marica's work?

Answer 62

people who grow up in authoritative homes are encouraged to assert individuality but remain connected to family absence of parental warmth often associated with commitment problems

Question 63

what is 1 predictor of identity achievement? what are some behaviours that are derived from identity achievement?

Answer 63

strong sense of personal agency - sense that one has an impact on one's world behaviours: - take responsibility for oneself - in control of decisions - have confidence that one can overcome obstacles along the way