Ideologies Flashcards

Question

What did Burke think of HN?

Answer 1

- Less pessimistic than Hobbes ⤷ people are capable of kindness and wisdom ⤷ but their actions must be rooted in christianity and tradition to be capable of this - People are communal ⤷ ∴ enjoy little platoons - 'Reflections on the revolution in France' ⤷ set out key conservative thoughts - human imperfection ⤷ people are flawed ⤷ people's views differ

Answer 2

- Focuses on the innate fear of the unknown ⤷ links to tradition - Life can begin when there is routine and religion - Society w/o law would just be 'noisy and flawed' NOT brutish - 'On Human Conduct' 1975 ⤷ theory that human action is an exercise of intelligent agency

Answer 3

- 1868 - ended public executions ⤷ supports ON view that humans are rational and intelligent ⤷ link to Burke that people are capable of kindness

Answer 4

- Need for individual freedom and innovation -Objectivism - Atomism - HN is guided by rationality and ethical egoism (self interest) - Emphasised individual rights ⤷ includes property

Answer 5

- Need for individual freedom and innovation - Some formal authority needed despite freedom focus ⤷ life, liberty and property cannot be taken for granted so authpirty is needed - Described people as "freedom-loving pack animals" that need restraint ⤷ "there is no social entity...there are only individual people" - HN is driven by self interest that needs to be contained to have stability - People should be left alone to their own talents ⤷ EV - rejected Locke's idea of inalienable rights ⤷ supported the idea of consensual slave contracts

Answer 6

Localism Organic Empiricism Tradition Hierarchy Morality Property

Answer 7

'Little platoons' - collection of communities that provide security and inspiration - help keep selfish individualism at bay

Answer 8

- Society gradually emerges - Cannot be created - Society adapts and functions to the needs of society

Answer 9

Issues are dealt with practically - we know what we do because of real experience ⤷ society is based on 'how it is' not 'how it should be'

Answer 10

- Custom and habit provide security - Change and reform is inevitable ⤷ BUT change must be slow and respecting of the past4

Answer 11

- Individuals are not born equal - The wiser and stronger dominate ⤷ have a natural responsibilty to look after the weaker ⤷ 'Noblesse oblige'

Answer 12

- Strong attatchment to Old Testament and original sin - Emphasis on marriage, family and accountability

Answer 13

- Respect for tradition and continuity - Property shouldn't be aquired but inherited - Property owners have a stake in society ∴ are less likely to rebel and they must care for others

Answer 14

- 'Leviathan' 1651 ⤷ state of nature (society predates state) ⤷ the idea that everyone owns everything would create universal conflict - 'The Elements of Law' ⤷ argument for the existence of god - Society is brutish so strong formal authority necessary

Answer 15

- 'Reflections on the revolution in France' ⤷ value of organicism, tradition, aristocracy, localism set out organicism = all parts of society are connected aristocracy = need for social class localism = small scale/local action

Answer 16

- Not capable of a perfect society ⤷ BUT could gain pleasure and improvement through everyday life

Answer 17

- 'Atlas Shrugged' - talented individuals created societies, not govs - Atomism - society doesn't really exist, it's just individuals working for self-fulfillment - Rejected religion - Opposed collectivism - Valued tradition but did not believe in enforcing it onto others due to her libertarian POV ⤷ √ - supported abortion, opposed Vietnam and the draft, supported the repeal of anti-gay laws ⤷ X - called people who avoided the draft cowards, called gay people "disgusting", defended Europe's invasion of Native American land

Answer 18

- Individualism to the max ⤷ individual should always be left alone, in economic AND social areas ⤷ tolerant of divorce and abortion because of this - Limited state would help with a self-sufficient communities ⤷ where people can emerge their own moral codes - "there is no social entity...there are only individual people"

Answer 19

- State precedes society - Individual rights depend on law and order - Embraces ruling class with inherited power - States based on contract are not true to society ⤷ not based on reality ⤷ in favour of uncodied constitution

Answer 20

- Humans are rational enough to realise that a soveriegn state is needed for security - 'Leviathan' 1651 ⤷ social contract theory - government by consent ⤷ need of a strong central authority to avoid civil war ⤷ the authority needs to be autocratic (leader with full power) and intimidating to ensure conflicts are stopped ⤷ state of nature (life pre-society) ⤷ everyone has a right to everything = world war

Answer 21

- Man fails more than succeeds ⤷ ∴ utopian society is unrealistic - Changes in society must aim to conserve tradition - Society is like a plant ⤷ organic and dynamic but must be cautious around change - Ruling class is inevitable ⤷ but they must rule for the majority ⤷'Reflections on the revolution in France' value of aristocracy - Condemned the highly centralised French government ⤷ should have 'little platoons' instead as people are communal

Answer 22

- Purpose of the state is to "prevent the bad rather than create good" - "We shall all sail the boundless sea, with no appointed destination" and it is the government's job to "keep the ship afloat at all costs" ⤷ state should be maintained but not changed in any revolutionary way - Argued conservatism is more optimistic than other ideologies as it is realistic ⤷ based on reality (empiricism)

Answer 23

Quite involved in public safety, protective of natural rights - Public Health Act 1875 - Factory Act introduced (passed 1802) - Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875 ⤷ allowed peaceful picketing

Answer 24

- State should have a very limited role - 'The small state is the strong state' - Opposed statism

Answer 25

- Agreed with Hayek that the growing gov was a threat to individual freedom - Welfare states encourage dependency culture - Anarchist ⤷ minarchist state where gov outsources to private companies - Limited state ⤷ 'The Examined Life' - minimum wage is unjust, yet argues for a redistribution of wealth through inheritance tax - 'Anarchy, state and Utopia' 1974 ⤷ a minimal state is necessary as an expanded state inevitably invades individuals' rights

Answer 26

- Wary of free-market capitalism ⤷ creates instability and puts innovation at risk - Drawn to Keynesian economics to promote employment

Answer 27

- Free market means the gov can focus on security and order ⤷ more time and resources spent on police and army for defence

Answer 28

- Supportive of Adam Smith's call for free trade ⤷ was radical at the time - 'Reflections on the revolution in France' ⤷ set out key conservative thoughts -, empiricism, organicism, tradition, aristocracy

Answer 29

- 1868 - very early stage of nationalisation ⤷ had the post office buy telegraph companies

Answer 30

- Classically liberal economic views - Laissez faire economics is the only system which supports individual rights - Reduce tax - Opposed welfare state - Considered herself "radical or capitalism" over conservative due to her social views

Answer 31

- All taxation is theft - 'The Examined Life' ⤷ references Adam Smith ⤷ EV - suggests a redistribution of wealth via inheritance tax

Answer 32

Immigration - NL and NC want less immigration ⤷ NL - want more free market ⤷ NC - threatens British culture

Answer 33

Spending - NL = minimise gov spending - NC = committed spending on national defence ⤷ i.e. Falklands, Trident etc

Answer 34

add info from summary sheets

Answer 35

John Locke Mary Wollstonecraft John Stuart Mill John Rawls Betty Friedan

Answer 36

- Father of liberalism - Built off of Hobbes ideas - Enlightenment era - Social contract theory ⤷ quite revolutionary as it suggested opposition from the monarchy - Supported religious tolerance ⤷ religious reasoning cannot be proven, cannot me compelled without violence, and religious uniformity would prevent diversity ⤷ therefore, accept all religions - Against slavery in his writing but benefitted from slave-trading ⤷ arguably laid the foundations for the founding father's contradictory views on slavery ⤷ supported child labour, which was normal in pre-industrial societies

Answer 37

- One of the founding feminist philosophers - Enlightenment influenced - 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men' 1970 ⤷ attacks aristocracy and supports republicanism ⤷ hereditary privilege would continue slavery ⤷ critique of Burke's support of the Church of Eng and monarchy in light of the french revolution - 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women' 1792 ⤷ women are not naturally inferior to men ⤷ they just lack education

Answer 38

- English philosopher and campaigner - Studied work of Adam Smith (father of capitalism) - 'On Liberty' 1859 ⤷ argued that freedom is mainly the absence of restraint - 'The Subjection of Women' 1969 ⤷ wrote with his wife on the emancipation of women - 2nd MP to call for women's suffrage

Answer 39

- American philosopher - 'Theory of Justice' 1971 ⤷ justice as fairness ⤷ veil of ignorance ⤷ original position (hypothetical scenario) ⤷ inspired by Hobbes and Locke - Awarded the National Humanities Medal in 1999 by Clinton ⤷ for his philosophy of a society as "the most fortunate help the least fortunate is not only a moral society but a logical one" - 'Political Liberalism' ⤷ government should be neutral between competing conceptions of the good ⤷ overlapping consensus ⤷ people of all beliefs can come together to create a basic communal morals of right and wrong, despite being of different religion, political ideology, or morality

Answer 40

- Feminine Mystique 1963 ⤷ surveyed housewives and called attention to the entrapment of women in marriages due to their financial and legal inability to leave ⤷ inspired by her own fears ⤷ argued that first wave feminism was centred around improving women's ability to be housewives and mothers - Sparked second wave feminism -First president of NOW 1966 ⤷ stepped down 1970 - Organised a nationwide Women's Strike for Equality 1970 ⤷ led the march in NY with over 50,000 people - Established the National Women's Political Caucus 1971 - NOW pressured the Equal Rights Amendment 1972 into passing - The Second Stage 1981 ⤷ criticised radical feminism

Answer 41

Self realisation - we should discover our unique selves free from the contraint of others Self determination - we should control our own fate Self fulfillment - natural rights should be utilised to make the most of our individual talents w/o = sense of a wasted life

Answer 42

-HN is characterised by reason and tolerance - HN allows people to be selfish - Every individual's life should be determined by their own judgement - Mechanistic history ⤷ humans are rational ⤷ can build a state that reflects their needs ⤷ rejects DROK

Answer 43

- Males and females have a shared desire for self-fulfilment - Enlightenment's optimism on HN should apply to all humans - 18th C view of women holds them back ⤷ seen as irrational and denied of freedom and formal equality - 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women' 1792 ⤷ women are not naturally inferior to men ⤷ they just lack education

Answer 44

- Humans can be egotistical but their behaviour is rational - Harm principle ⤷ should tolerate anyone's actions as long as they do not harm others

Answer 45

- Society is not dependent upon the existence of a state ⤷ ∴ society pre-dates the state - Natural society ⤷ society w/o a state is based upon mankind's interests - Supported religious tolerance

Answer 46

- Men and women are equal, so women should enjoy their full civil liberties - Desired a social order based on reason - 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women' 1792 ⤷ women are not naturally inferior to men ⤷ they just lack education ⤷ links to how society should change - 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men' 1970 ⤷ attacks aristocracy and supports republicanism

Answer 47

- Tolerance principle ⤷ state should respect all actions and opinions unless they violate the harm principle ⤷ EV - supported capital punishment for some cases - Believed that consensus is brought by education ⤷ still crucial to liberal ideas - Popular belief doesn't make it correct - Supported the emancipation of women ⤷ wrote The Subjection of Women with his wife - 'On Liberty' 1859 ⤷ argued that freedom is mainly the absence of restraint

Answer 48

- Society is a peaceful, voluntary interaction of multiple individuals - 'Theory of justice' 1971- justice as fairness ⤷ society must guarantee a life worth living ⤷ i.e. basic liberties, equal opportunity, facilities to achieve equality where there is inequality - Original position - derives 2 principles of justice ⤷ Liberty Principle ⤷ basic liberties for all, including property due to self-respect over self-ownership (criticism of Nozick and Locke) ⤷ Fair Equality of Opportunity and difference principle ⤷ ensures that challenges are faced equally across class ⤷ inequalities are only there which favour the disadvantaged (i.e. lower offer schemes) - 'Political Liberalism' ⤷ overlapping consensus

Answer 49

- Second Treatise book ⤷ property is a natural right ⤷ labour theory of value ⤷ property precedes gov

Answer 50

- Laissez faire economy ⤷ completely independent economy in his early works ⤷ later accepted gov intervention in economy on tax (i.e. of alcohol if there was an issue of safety) ⤷ Govs duty to create laws that assist with meritocracy - Progressive taxation is a "mild form of robbery" ⤷ supported inheritance tax to try give more equality of opportunity - Sympathised with socialism ⤷ just disagreed with the destruction of competition - Studied work of Adam Smith (father of capitalism) - The Subjection of Women' 1969 ⤷ the oppression of women is an economic inefficiency

Answer 51

- Liberals should only defend inequality of outcome if there is equality of opportunity - Keynesian economy ⤷ state-managed economy to ensure greater indivudal liberty

Answer 52

- Social contract ⤷ should be a deal between state and society where the state guarantees protection of natural rights and is at the will of the people ⤷ e.g. US Constitution - Contractual state ⤷ "Government should be the servant, not the master, of the people" - Fragmented state ⤷ state's powers should be fragmented and scattered ⤷ reflects anti-monarchy sentiment that came with enlightenment ⤷ evident with the checks and balances in the US Const - Representative state ⤷ against the DROK ⤷ against a taxation without representation ⤷ e.g. Parliament (HOC) - Ideal state is free and reflects people's needs

Answer 53

- Education is way for tolerance to be encouraged - Opposed an unlimited state ⤷ liberty justifies the freedom of the individual from unlimited state and social control - Advocated for proportional representation whilst in Parliament (STV) and more suffrage

Answer 54

- State can allow individuals to enjoy natural rights - Equality of opportunity is desirable but inequality of outcome is enevitable - Veil of ignorance ⤷ hypothetical scenario where individuals agree on the society they want but only becasue they do not have the education to understand their position - 'Political Liberalism' ⤷ government should be neutral between competing conceptions of the good

Answer 55

- State should be expanded to promote tolerance ⤷ from feminist POV - Rejection of paternalistic state ⤷ instead must demand that legislatures respect and articulate citizen's interests

Answer 56

Classical - reservations about universal suffrage ⤷ Locke - disagreed on vote to those without property as it would threaten the natural rights of property owners ⤷ Mill - vote to the uneducated would lead to less tolerance to minority groups Modern (Friedan and Rawls) - endorsed universal suffrage - support representative democracy over direct ⤷ direct democracy supports the will of the many which threatens minority groups

Answer 57

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Beatrice Webb Rosa Luxembourg Anthony Crosland Anthony Giddens

Answer 58

Evolutionary v Revolutionary Classical Social Democrat Third Way

Answer 59

- 1818-83 - Revolutionary - Born into a wealthy family - Privately educated by a liberal school until it was raided by conservatives - Influenced by the period of Enlightenment so focused on atheist beliefs - Influenced by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ⤷ criticised politics and society, emphasised need for community and less individuality - Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 ⤷ theory of alienation ⤷ led to Marx's continued study of the economy which led to scientific socialism - 'The Communist Manifesto' 1848 - Dedicated himself to his studies while in London ⤷ left him and his family in poverty, being supported by Engels - 'A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy' 1859 ⤷ first serious critique of the economy ⤷ enthusiastically received and quickly sold out ⤷ stimulated Marx's deeper works on capitalism and profit (Das Kapital) - Das Kapital 1867 ⤷ explains how exploitation of labour is because of profits and surplus value

Answer 60

- Revolutionary, classical - Father was a wealthy industrialist - 'The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844' - The Communist Manifesto

Answer 61

- 1858-1943 - Evolutionary, classical - 2 of her sisters died by suicide within a year of each other as a result of their marriages ⤷ she struggled with this due to her ideas on gender roles being quite traditional - Minority report to the Royal Commission (Poor Law) 1909 ⤷ wanted national minimum of life ⤷ for both sexes and all classes ⤷ advocated for more aid for the disabled and children in workhouses - Member of Labour in 1914 - Founder of the London School of Economics ⤷ uni dedicated to social sciences - Helped create the Fabian Society ⤷ organisation which promoted social democracy through gradualism and reformism ⤷ lobbied for min wage 1906, universal healthcare 1911, abolition of hereditary peers 1917, women's suffrage ⤷ today is a think tank for Labour - 'The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain and Industrial Democracy' ⤷ collective bargaining - when a union negotiates conditions to the employer - Opposed to USSR communism but in later years was more open to it ⤷ while living in USSR published 'Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?'

Answer 62

- 1871-1919 - Classical revolutionist - Key figure in Polish and German movements ⤷ founded parties ⤷ Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (1893), Spartacus League (1917 anti-war that was associated with Social Democratic Party of German (SPD)), Communist Party (1918) -Anti-war ⤷ arrested for anti-war actions during WWI ⤷ called for soldiers to defy orders by not fighting ⤷ contemplated suicide after SPD agreed to refrain from striking and allowed financing of the attack of France in WWI - Revolution ⤷ attempted a spartacist revolution against the Weimar Republic ⤷ was poorly organised, leading to her torture and mudered by soldiers ⤷ critical of Lenin's form of revolution ⤷ preferred a proletariat spontaneous revolution via a mass strike ⤷ Lenin praised her revolutionary work after her death - Women's rights activist ⤷ one of the first women in Europe to be awarded a Doctor of Law in political economy - Annual celebration in January is held to commemorate her death

Answer 63

-1918-77 - Right wing of labour - MP from 1950-77 - Social democrat - Revisionist - 'The Transition from Capitalism' 1951essay ⤷ argued that by 1951 England was no longer capitalist due to the Welfare state being established under Atlee - Critical of marxism in 'The Future of Socialism' 1956 ⤷ argued that Old Labour's focus on expanding nationalisation wasn't essential to socialism ⤷ favoured ending poverty and improving public services ⤷ said socialism needs to adapt to modern times (key to revisionist thinkers) - 1965-67 Secretary of State for Education ⤷ introduced comprehensive schools over grammar and removal of 11+ test ⤷ Susan Crossland's (wife) biography said he "If its the last thing I do, I'm going to destroy every fucking grammar school in England" - Against removal of Clause IV - Active member of the Fabian Society

Answer 64

- 1938-present - Sociologist - 'Third Way' 1998 ⤷ policies aimed at the "progressive centre-left" - 2007 - 5th most referenced author in humanities - Influenced Blair but not a direct advisor

Answer 65

- People are destined for a better world - Humans desire community and solidarity ⤷ fraternal - Humans are rational and logical

Answer 66

- Humans are wise and happy - Optimistic

Answer 67

- There is no excuse for depressive inaction - Tomorrow is conceivable, achievable and probable - Fraternal ⤷ 'Our instinct is not to win, but to share' ⤷ 'Our ultimate goal should be to share the fruits of our victory with others' - Acting collaboratively makes humans sensible - Communal ⤷ we are not lone wolves; we seek the company of a pack

Answer 68

- Agrees with Webb that humans take advantage of being able to collectively plan progress in a methodical manner

Answer 69

- Agrees with Webb that humans have co-operative instincts - High earners (bourgeoisie) can be persuaded to help the poor

Answer 70

- Communism would create a secular paradise without religion - Theory of alienation ⤷ proletariat are alienated from their work ⤷ as workers lose the ability to determine their actions at work, they lose the ability to define their relationships or goals - 'Das Kapital' book ⤷ historical materialism (his theory of history) ⤷ technological development plays an important role in influencing social transformation, ∴ mode of production changes ⤷ the change of mode of production encourages changes to the economic system

Answer 71

- Agreed with Marx that the proletariat should be freed from a higher authority

Answer 72

- For a welfare state and supportive of strong public services

Answer 73

- In favour of micro and macro approach to sociology ⤷ theory of structuation

Answer 74

Revolutionary - would bring communism - would focus the interests of the proletariat - Sneered at utopian socialism ⤷ utopian = people must be persuaded one at a time ⤷ scientific = people act upon their own economic interests so if it appeals to all of the wc then a revolution will occur Context - Split within the Communist League (his organisation) ⤷ a faction called for an immediate uprising, believing it would spark revolution across Europe against the reactionary French and German govs ⤷ Marx and Engels disagreed, saying this would be suicide for the group ⤷ Marx argued that meaningful change to society is not achieved overnight by a handful of men

Answer 75

Evolutionary - end of capitalism is inevitable - will happen gradually

Answer 76

Revolutionary - evolution and revisionism is not possible ⤷ wanted revisionists removing from the Social Democratic Party of Germany - revolution is spontaneous ⤷ not organised by elite individuals

Answer 77

- Revolution is unnecessary ⤷ capitalism is acceptable, just needs adapting to create equal opportunity - Revisionist ⤷ don't need to take control of means of production, meaning extended nationalisation is unnecessary ⤷ should use high taxation

Answer 78

- Against revolution of any kind - For gradual reform ⤷ socialist reforms within capitalism - 'The Third Way/ ⤷ "There is no single agent, group or movement that, as Marx's proletariat was supposed to do, can carry the hopes of humanity, but there are many points of political engagement which offer good cause for optimism."

Answer 79

- Supportive of expansion of the state, not overthrowing it ⤷ not anarchical - Supported an expanded welfare state ⤷ Poor Law

Answer 80

- Theory of alienation ⤷ workers are alienated from their work due to the division of labour ⤷ proletariat are seen as a mechanistic tool - 'A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy' 1859 - Das Kapital 1867 ⤷ explains how exploitation of labour is because of profits and surplus value

Answer 81

- Capitalism is desirable when there is equality of opportunity - Public ownership has gone far enough - In favour of high taxation

Answer 82

- Partial privatisation of industries is good ⤷ creates more profits - Should focus on higher taxation of corporations instead of nationalisation ⤷ helps fund key services ⤷ i.e. NHS and public transport ⤷ e.g. Blair's highest level of NHS funding

Ideologies Flashcards

(106 cards)