Ideologies and Identity

Question 1

Plato

Answer 1

Believed that the community is best served by each citizen doing whatever it is that he or she does best

Humans are not equal in gifts and talents. Your role is determined by natural abilities

Question 2

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 2

Lived during the English Civil War. The bitter struggle between the king and Parliament ended with the beheading of the King, then a republic was formed and the government tyrannized the people and brutally punished opponents

Believed that human nature is characterized by fear, violence, and dangerous self-interest.

If everyone is free, then everyone is in danger. We all need security more than we need freedom.

Believed in a society where everyone gave up his or her freedom to one person who was responsible for everyone’s security. Didn’t believe it’s possible to have both freedom and security

Question 3

John Locke

Answer 3

People are rational, intelligent, and reasonable - different from the divine right of kings. The source of power was the people themselves - individuals possess the ability to be reasonable and make rational decisions

The only reason governments exist is to protect life, liberty, and property. People give up their natural state of freedom to enter into a civil society

Any government action had to be justified by popular consent

Believed in democracy

Question 4

Divine right of kings

Answer 4

Power rested with God and the king, who was chosen by God to rule and therefore had absolute power

Question 5

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 5

Believed that people are inherently good and have been corrupted by civilization and society

Interested in the common good

Humans are naturally free and equal in principle. Private property and ownership of land led to jealousy and corruption. People lost compassion for one another, became selfish, and based their happiness on the opinions of others

Wanted humans to go back to the characteristics that were universal and unchanging - these made humans good and equal. This would lead to the most effective and legitimate forms of government

The ideal state is one where the general will of the people was the absolute authority

Instead of a representative democracy, he wanted citizens themselves to make laws directly, so people could enjoy a level of freedom close to what they enjoyed in the state of nature

Question 6

Political spectrum

Answer 6

Way of comparing or visualizing political beliefs by placing them on an axis. Conservatism on the right, liberalism centre-left, socialism left of that. Communism on extreme left, fascism on extreme right

Left wing = equality, government economic interventionism, readiness to change
Right wing = liberty, limited government, support for tradition and the status quo

Question 7

Radical

Answer 7

Extremist of the political left
Want change to the status quo that is immediate and sweeping and are prepared to use violence to achieve their revolutionary goals

Question 8

Moderate

Answer 8

Someone who is generally satisfied with the status quo

Includes both liberals who support progress and accept change as a means of improving conditions for individuals and society, and conservatives who resist change believing that traditions, privilege, and law and order are essential to maintaining a civilized society

Question 9

Reactionary

Answer 9

Extremist of the political right

Reject change and favour a return to traditional values, institutions, and the real or imagined glories of the past

Question 10

Which direction does change move in over time?

Answer 10

To the left - values that once seemed more radical gradually become accepted and eventually may represent the status quo

Question 11

Extent of government control - extreme left and right

Answer 11

Total government control to achieve objectives

Question 12

Extent of government control - socialists

Answer 12

Government has a significant role in controlling vital industries and agencies

Question 13

Extent of government control - liberals

Answer 13

Government has a role in shaping a better society

Question 14

Extent of government control - Conservatives

Answer 14

The role of the government should be limited

Question 15

Extent of government control - Anarchists

Answer 15

Distrustful of the power of government, believe it should be abolished

Question 16

Totalitarianism

Answer 16

Ruled by a single leader and party. The executive has total control over all functions of the state and citizens are expected to give their full allegiance to their government

Can be Communist or Fascist

Authoritarianism, absolutist, autocratic, dictatorial, one-party state

Question 17

Moderates

Answer 17

Balance individual freedom with the common good. Promote pluralism which recognizes the natural rights of a diverse population to actively participate in the governing of the country. Power of the government is limited by the constitution and rule of law. A separation of powers helps ensure that no branch of government can wield extraordinary power without the consent of the governed

Question 18

Anarchism

Answer 18

All government authority is self-serving, potentially corrupt and unjust, and individuals should be free from external agencies. Rejected as a system that would result in chaos by those who support government as an institution

Question 19

Communism principles

Answer 19

Authoritarian
Radical
Revolutionary
Internationalist
Capitalism is imperialist and exploitive by nature
Government ownership and control of the economy

Question 20

Socialism principles

Answer 20

Democratic
Society is perfectible through careful government planning
Change must be peaceful and orderly
Power and profit should be shared to achieve greater equality

Question 21

Conservatism principles

Answer 21

Democratic
Individual freedom, limited government
Tradition provides security and stability
Emphasis on law and order
Economic and social matters are best left to traditional institutions - church, family, business

Question 22

Fascism principles

Answer 22

Authoritarian
Reactionary
Retrogressive - return to a previous mythic state
Ultranationalist
Elitist
Racist
Private ownership/government control of industry

Question 23

Fascists

Answer 23

Reject political freedoms in a state that glorifies leadership and national objectives. Protect private ownership but control economic decision-making

Question 24

Communists

Answer 24

Reject political and economic freedoms in order to create a new communist state. Theoretically government control ends when a classless society is achieved

Question 25

Libertarians

Answer 25

Reject government intrusion in the lives of citizens. Believe individuals should be free to do anything they want, so long as they do not infringe upon the rights of others. Reject collective values and are suspicious of government intrusion

Question 26

Socialists

Answer 26

Use the democratic powers of government to achieve egalitarian objectives

Question 27

Fiscal conservative

Answer 27

Free markets, limited government, low taxes

Question 28

Principles of individualism

Answer 28

Rule of law Individual rights and freedoms Private property Economic freedom Self-interest Competition

Question 29

Free market

Answer 29

Economy that operates with limited government intervention and relies on the choices that rational individuals make in their own self-interest

Question 30

Classical liberalism

Answer 30

Original ideas of liberalism Arose in Europe following the renaissance and Reformation - led to a belief in the importance of the individual in society

Question 31

Enlightenment/Age of Reason

Answer 31

Promoted the beliefs of classical liberalism that congealed into the liberal ideology of the 19th-century

Question 32

Humanists

Answer 32

Believed in the importance of arts and literature alongside faith Sought meaning and purpose in love, beauty, art, and development of the self Came with a questioning of the authority of the Roman Catholic Church

Question 33

Breakdown of the feudal economic order in the 17th century

Answer 33

Cities grew as more and more people became involved in expanded trade overseas Wealthy middle class emerged, peasants sought more lucrative work in cities, breaking down the economic base of aristocracy which was based primarily on agriculture

Question 34

Principles encouraged by classical liberalism

Answer 34

Individual rights and freedoms to be exercised in the individual's self-interest Humans are reasonable and can make rational decisions that will benefit both themselves and society Economic freedom, private property, free markets Protection of civil liberties Constitutional limitations on the government

Question 35

Hobbes and the Leviathan

Answer 35

The central authority that ensures the security of everyone, which can only be achieved at the expense of individual sovereignty The Leviathan can only justify its power if it kept its subjects safe - emphasis on the worth of individual subjects

Question 36

Social Contract (Locke, Hobbes)

Answer 36

People give up some of their natural rights to a government in order to receive social order and security for themselves and their property

Question 37

Locke vs Hobbes accountability

Answer 37

Locke, unlike Hobbes, believed that the government should be directly accountable to the people. Great emphasis on the concept of private property, or the right of individuals to protect and keep what they owned

Question 38

Montesquieu

Answer 38

Believed in the worth and equality of individuals, and accountability of the government Believed in the separation of powers - government divided into three branches. Branches are separate from and dependent on one another so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two For the system to work, people need to be involved in the government - democracy. Each citizen had to participate in and be aware of the laws and the workings of government

Question 39

John Stuart Mill

Answer 39

Protection of individual freedom and the promotion of individual decision making as the core of societal institutions An individual should be able to act as he or she wants, so long as his or her actions don't harm others Advocated for free speech, which is a necessary condition for intellectual and social progress

Question 40

Reasons why Great Britain was unique during the Industrial Revolution

Answer 40

It's an island, so it was highly dependent on sea trade. This led to a large commercial fleet, powerful navy, and the largest empire in the world. Provided the means for the creation of many personal fortunes for enterprising ship owners and merchants The political climate favoured the development of a parliamentary government and constitutional monarchy, where power is shared between the king and Parliament Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts, which forced thousands of low-income farmers into towns and cities, resulting in a large pool of cheap labour Ideas were being influenced by the writings of Enlightenment thinkers who advocated for human reason, human initiative, and individual worth

Question 41

Factors that came together in Great Britain

Answer 41

New ideas about human potential and individual worth and the accompanying idea of progress. Commoners can create wealth and achieve status Government friendly to business and innovation Huge amount of investment capital and cheap labour, and a large number of innovators and inventors who were encouraged by the possibility of reward

Question 42

Physiocrats

Answer 42

Enlightenment philosophers who critiqued mercantilism

Question 43

Mercantilist system

Answer 43

The aim of all economic pursuits should be to strengthen the poewr and wealth of the state

Question 44

Adam Smith

Answer 44

Disagreed with the existing mercantilist system If people work first and foremost for themselves, everyone - including the state - would be better off Individuals should work for their own self-interest in a free-market system. Insisted that individual self-interest in a free market would lead to a stronger economy and would benefit most people in society Government's role should be limited to maintaining the rule of law, to ensuring contracts were followed, and to providing some public works. Provided the foundation for much of the capitalist system

Question 45

Communist view on religion

Answer 45

Opposed. Religion is the opiate of the masses, the spiritual comfort of religion prevents oppressed peoples from seeking political change

Question 46

Hegemony

Answer 46

Political control exerted by one group over others

Question 47

Progressivism

Answer 47

Various ideologies that advocate for moderate political and social reform through government action, such as anti=trust laws Support social justice and the rights of workers

Question 48

Principles of collectivism

Answer 48

Economic equality Cooperation Public property Collective interest Collective responsibility Adherence to collective norms

Question 49

Examples of economic equality

Answer 49

People with larger incomes pay more taxes - progressive taxation All people should earn equal wages for work of similar value There should be a guaranteed annual income All people should share in the wealth of the country or the world People should own the means of production collectively Everything should be free. No private property

Question 50

Labour movement

Answer 50

Began during the Industrial Revolution Workers can be members of organized trade unions and fight successfully for better working conditions and higher rates of pay

Question 51

Mitigate

Answer 51

Lessen, moderate, diminish Government paid health care will help citizens to mitigate their personal expenses

Question 52

Consolidate

Answer 52

Combine, join, unite, merge The Indian Act consolidated many existing agreements with First Nations

Question 53

Arbitrary

Answer 53

Random, illogical, haphazard A king may make arbitrary decisions because no one is allowed to question their authority

Question 54

Irony

Answer 54

Satire, mockery, sarcasm

Question 55

Prevail

Answer 55

Succeed, overcome, triumph According to Marx, Communism would prevail where Capitalism failed

Question 56

Unprecedented

Answer 56

First time, unique, unmatched The Industrial Revolution demonstrated unprecedented growth in the production of products

Question 57

Hastily

Answer 57

Fast, speedily, quickly Stalin hastily removed all of his political enemies

Question 58

Alleviate

Answer 58

Ease, lessen, relieve Canadian subsidized post-secondary education can alleviate some financial costs of a higher education

Question 59

Tenent

Answer 59

Principle, doctrine, belief Separation of powers is a key tenent of a democratic system

Question 60

Juxtapose

Answer 60

Contrast, compare The ghettos in Warsaw in 1941 juxtaposed the lives of Aryans with people of Jewish descent

Question 61

Disenchantment

Answer 61

Bitterness, unhappiness, disillusionment Dishonest politicians can create disenchantment amongst voters

Question 62

Inherent

Answer 62

Essential, integral Adam Smith believed that it was inherent for the government to stay out of the economy

Question 63

Reformed

Answer 63

Changed, converted, restructured The New Deal reformed the role of the government in the American economy

Question 64

Proponent

Answer 64

Advocate, supporter, promoter Ronald Reagan was a strong proponent of a return to free market principles

Question 65

Opponent

Answer 65

Enemy, foe, adversary Edmund Burke was an opponent to the rise of Classical Liberal principles

Question 66

Obligated

Answer 66

Beholden, indebted, must John Locke believed that the government was obligated to provide the common good to its citizens

Question 67

Viable

Answer 67

Practical, feasible, worthwhile Voters often look for the most viable political candidate to fit their personal ideals

Question 68

Correlation

Answer 68

Link, relationship, connection Although Fascism pursues inequality and communism promotes equality, the two systems show a correlation through their use of the methods of manipulation

Question 69

Excerpt

Answer 69

Passage, piece, quote

Question 70

Oppressive

Answer 70

Overbearing, domineering, unfair Marx argued that the bourgeoisie maintained an oppressive advantage over the proletariat

Question 71

Consequence

Answer 71

Result, effect, outcome A consequence of a party coming in second in a Canadian election is that they become the official opposition

Question 72

Equalize

Answer 72

Level, balance, match Keynes believed that monetary and fiscal policy could equalize market fluctuations

Question 73

Emergence

Answer 73

Appearance, rise, occurrence The Industrial Revolution demonstrated the emergence of the assembly line system

Question 74

Perceive

Answer 74

Observe, notice, recognize Anti-Semitism was easily perceived in Nazi Germany

Question 75

Collective

Answer 75

Group, shared, communal A union is a collective of employees often in the same industry

Question 76

Prerequisite

Answer 76

Essential, required, condition For a bill to become a law in Canada it is a prerequisite that it be passed in both houses of Parliament

Question 77

Attributed

Answer 77

Credited, endorsed The term "the invisible hand" is attributed to Adam Smith

Question 78

Relinquish

Answer 78

Abandon, surrender In a Constitutional Monarchy democratic system, the monarch must relinquish virtually all of their power

Question 79

Hierarchy

Answer 79

Pecking order, chain of command Stalin was at the top of the hierarchy of political leadership in the USSR

Question 80

Propser

Answer 80

Flourish, thrive, succeed Margaret Thatcher believed that the best way for England to prosper was for the government to remove itself from the economy

Question 81

Hegemony

Answer 81

Domination, control, supremacy The Third Reich was seeking hegemony over all of Europe through WWI

Question 82

Succession

Answer 82

Sequence, progression

Question 83

Disaffected

Answer 83

Dissatisfied, delusional, apathetic Voting numbers being low in a nation may be a sign that the voting population is feeling disaffected with their political process

Question 84

Denounced

Answer 84

Condemned, criticized Stalin denounced many political rivals and eliminated them during the Great Purge

Question 85

Jeopardized

Answer 85

Risked, endangered, threated In a democracy, a citizen's personal safety should not be jeopardized if they show dissent towards their political leaders

Question 86

Presuppose

Answer 86

Assume, presume, suppose Marx presupposed that the final stage of Communism would be the Withering of the State

Question 87

Exercised

Answer 87

Used, implemented, applied The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to exercise complete control over all 3 branches of government

Question 88

Preserve

Answer 88

Maintain, keep, uphold A key component of the judicial branch is that they preserve the rights of all citizens equally

Question 89

Foster

Answer 89

Promote, further, advance Smith believed that an economic system based on supply and demand would foster the wealth of a nation

Question 90

Mandate

Answer 90

Order, command, directive The Nazis mandated the Final Solution, which contributed to the horrors of the Holocaust

Question 91

Wield

Answer 91

Use, apply, exercise The American President can wield the power of his veto if he disagrees with a law passed by Congress

Question 92

Spokesperson

Answer 92

Representative, speaker John Maynard Keynes was the main spokesperson for Demand Side Economics

Question 93

Dissemination

Answer 93

Distribution, spreading, diffusion Goebbles would disseminate Nazi propaganda through various forms of media

Question 94

Infringe

Answer 94

Overstep, intrude Adam Smith believed that government involvement in the economy infringed on naturally occurring market forces