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1
Q

What is heredity?

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

This is a fundamental concept in genetics.

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2
Q

What is the blending inheritance hypothesis?

A

The theory that offspring are a blend of both parents’ traits.

This theory suggested that variation would be washed out over time.

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3
Q

What does the particulate hypothesis state?

A

Offspring are a combination of both parents, with traits passed as discrete particles.

This theory replaced the blending hypothesis after 1900.

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4
Q

Who is considered the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel.

Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants to study inheritance.

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5
Q

What were Mendel’s advantages of using peas?

A
  • Many varieties available
  • Many visible contrasting traits
  • Simple to grow in a garden
  • Cross pollination easy
  • Short generations with many seeds

These factors facilitated Mendel’s experiments.

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6
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross between two varieties that differ in just one trait.

Mendel used this method to quantify traits in F1 and F2 generations.

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7
Q

What is the law of dominance?

A

A dominant trait shows if at least one dominant factor is inherited from parents; a recessive trait shows only if both factors are recessive.

This law explains the expression of traits in offspring.

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8
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Each individual has two factors for each trait, which segregate during gamete formation.

Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair.

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9
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross between two varieties that differ in two traits.

Mendel’s experiments revealed the ratio of traits in offspring.

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10
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Each pair of factors segregates to gametes independently.

This law was later found to have exceptions.

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11
Q

What are factors in Mendelian genetics?

A

Factors are genes that are found on chromosomes at specific locations called loci.

Genes can have alternative forms known as alleles.

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12
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup for a trait.

It can be homozygous (identical alleles) or heterozygous (different alleles).

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13
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical expression of a trait, influenced by genes and the environment.

This includes observable characteristics.

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14
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

A situation where no allele is completely dominant, resulting in a distinct phenotype in heterozygotes.

An example is seen in certain flower colors.

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15
Q

What is codominance?

A

A genetic scenario where both alleles are expressed equally.

An example includes blood type AB.

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16
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

A trait governed by two or more genes, leading to continuous phenotypes.

Examples include skin color and height.

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17
Q

What is epistasis?

A

The expression of one gene is modified by another gene, known as a modifier gene.

This interaction can influence trait expression.

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18
Q

What is gene linkage?

A

The tendency of alleles on the same chromosome to be inherited together.

This concept explains why some traits are often inherited together.

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19
Q

What is complete linkage?

A

A small distance between genes that results in low crossing over and strong linkage.

This means the genes are likely to be inherited together.

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20
Q

What is incomplete linkage?

A

A larger distance between genes that results in higher crossing over and weaker linkage.

This leads to a greater variety of combinations in offspring.

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21
Q

What are the two phases of the complex life cycles of plants?

A

Haploid and diploid phases

These phases alternate in plant life cycles.

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22
Q

What is the diploid, spore-producing phase called?

A

Sporophyte

Develops from zygotes produced by fertilization.

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23
Q

How are spores produced in the sporophyte phase?

A

Diploid sporocytes create 4 haploid spores via meiosis.

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24
Q

What phase develops from spores by mitosis?

A

Gametophytes.

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25
What structures produce gametes in the gametophyte phase?
Special sex structures.
26
What is the term for the process that involves the union of egg and sperm?
Fertilization.
27
What is the most conspicuous phase in bryophytes?
Gametophytes.
28
What are the two types of structures found in gamete-producing structures of bryophytes?
* Archegonia (female) * Antheridia (male)
29
What is the role of archegonia in bryophytes?
Produces eggs.
30
What is the role of antheridia in bryophytes?
Produces flagellated sperm.
31
What are the differentiated parts of the sporophyte in bryophytes?
* Foot * Seta * Capsule
32
What phase is dominant and long-lived in pterophytes?
Sporophytes.
33
Where are sporangia located in pterophytes?
On the bottom of fronds.
34
What is the structure called that a spore grows into in pterophytes?
Prothallus.
35
What type of sperm do pterophytes produce?
Flagellated sperm.
36
In gymnosperms, what is the dominant phase?
Sporophytes.
37
What are the two types of cones in gymnosperms?
* Microstrobilus (male) * Megasrtobilus (female)
38
What do microspores develop into in gymnosperms?
Microgametophyte (pollen grains).
39
What do megaspores develop into in gymnosperms?
Megagametophyte.
40
What is the function of the pollen tube in gymnosperms?
To deliver sperm to the egg.
41
What is the dominant phase in angiosperms?
Sporophyte.
42
Where are microsporangia located in angiosperms?
In flower anthers.
43
What is produced in the megasporangium of angiosperms?
Megaspores.
44
What do pollen grains in angiosperms give rise to?
Two sperm cells and a pollen tube.
45
What is apical dominance?
The phenomenon where the main central stem of the plant grows more strongly than other side stems.
46
What is senescence in plants?
The process of aging and deterioration in plant tissues.
47
What are the core life cycle events associated with the alternation of generations in plants?
The core life cycle events include the transition between sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
48
What is the difference between sporophyte and gametophyte?
Sporophyte is the diploid phase that produces spores, while gametophyte is the haploid phase that produces gametes.
49
What is the distinction between antheridium and archegonium?
Antheridium is the male reproductive structure producing sperm, while archegonium is the female reproductive structure producing eggs.
50
Define heterospory.
Heterospory is the production of two different types of spores: microspores and megaspores.
51
Describe the alternation of generations life cycle for bryophytes.
In bryophytes, the dominant gametophyte generation produces gametes, while the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte and produces spores.
52
Describe the alternation of generations life cycle for pterophytes.
In pterophytes, the dominant sporophyte generation produces spores through sporangia, while the gametophyte is independent and produces gametes.
53
Describe the alternation of generations life cycle for gymnosperms.
In gymnosperms, the sporophyte is dominant and produces seeds, while the gametophytes are reduced and develop within the cones.
54
Describe the alternation of generations life cycle for angiosperms.
In angiosperms, the dominant sporophyte produces flowers and seeds, while the gametophytes are contained within the flowers.
55
Define heredity.
Heredity is the transmission of genetic traits from parents to offspring.
56
Characterize the blending hypothesis of inheritance.
The blending hypothesis suggests that offspring traits are a mix of parental traits.
57
Characterize the particulate hypothesis of inheritance.
The particulate hypothesis proposes that traits are inherited as discrete units or genes.
58
Define hybridization.
Hybridization is the process of crossing two different varieties or species to produce hybrids.
59
What are the P generation, F1 generation, and F2 generation?
* P generation: parental generation * F1 generation: first filial generation * F2 generation: second filial generation
60
What is the difference between a monohybrid and dihybrid cross?
A monohybrid cross involves one trait, while a dihybrid cross involves two traits.
61
Characterize the phenotype and genotype ratios for the F1 generation in a monohybrid cross.
The phenotype ratio is typically 1:0 (dominant:recessive), and the genotype ratio is 1:2:1 (homozygous dominant:homozygous recessive:heterozygous).
62
Characterize the phenotype and genotype ratios for the F2 generation in a monohybrid cross.
The phenotype ratio is 3:1 (dominant:recessive), and the genotype ratio is 1:2:1.
63
Characterize the phenotype and genotype ratios for the F1 generation in a dihybrid cross.
The phenotype ratio is typically 9:3:3:1.
64
Characterize the phenotype and genotype ratios for the F2 generation in a dihybrid cross.
The phenotype ratio is 9:3:3:1, and the genotype ratio is 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1.
65
What are Mendel’s three laws of inherited traits?
* Law of Segregation * Law of Independent Assortment * Law of Dominance
66
Define allele.
An allele is a variant form of a gene.
67
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant alleles express their trait in the presence of another allele, while recessive alleles express their trait only when homozygous.
68
Define gene locus.
A gene locus is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
69
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.
70
What is the difference between homozygote and heterozygote genotypes?
Homozygote has identical alleles for a trait, while heterozygote has different alleles.
71
Characterize a test cross.
A test cross involves crossing an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual.
72
Describe complex patterns of inheritance.
* Incomplete dominance: blending of traits * Polygenic traits: multiple genes affecting a trait * Epistasis: one gene masking the effect of another
73
Describe gene linkage.
Gene linkage refers to genes located close together on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
74
Define plant breeding.
Plant breeding is the science of improving plants for human use.
75
What are the goals of plant domestication?
* Increased yield * Disease resistance * Improved quality
76
Define germplasm.
Germplasm is the living genetic resources, such as seeds or tissues, used for breeding.
77
What is the difference between self-pollinating and cross-pollinating plants?
Self-pollinating plants fertilize themselves, while cross-pollinating plants require pollen from another plant.
78
What are the breeding methods in sexually-compatible species?
* Pure-line selection * Mass selection
79
What are the breeding methods in sexually-incompatible species?
* Protoplast fusion * Gene splicing
80
What is the difference between sexual and asexual plant propagation?
Sexual propagation involves seeds, while asexual propagation involves vegetative parts.
81
Define seed stratification.
Seed stratification is the process of treating seeds to simulate natural conditions that the seeds must experience before germination.
82
Define scarification.
Scarification is the process of breaking or softening the seed coat to enhance germination.
83
Describe traditional asexual propagation methods.
* Crown division * Cutting * Layering * Grafting
84
Define scion.
A scion is a young shoot or twig of a plant used for grafting.
85
Define rootstock.
Rootstock is the part of a plant that provides the root system in grafting.
86
Define micropropagation.
Micropropagation is a method of propagating plants using tissue culture techniques.
87
_____ is living genetic material kept for breeding
Germplasm

Botany (9 decks)

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