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Question 1

What is non-superimposable?

Answer 1

Can’t place one directly on top of the other and them be the same

Question 2

What is a chiral carbon?

Answer 2

A carbon with 4 different groups

Question 3

What are the mirror images called in an optical isomer?

Answer 3

Enantiomers

Question 4

What is a racemic mixture?

Answer 4

50:50 split of both enantiomers

Question 5

How do you test for optical isomers?

Answer 5

Using a polarised light filter
-depending on the enantiomer, will rotate the light clockwise or anti-clockwise.

Question 6

Aldehyde or ketone goes to alcohol, what is the mechanism called?

Answer 6

Nucleophilic addition

Question 7

What is the conditions for nucleophilic addition?

Answer 7

Slightly acidic

Question 8

What mechanism can form optical isomers?

Answer 8

nucleophilic addition

Question 9

Why can optical isomers be formed from nucleophilic addition?

Answer 9

The carbonyl is planar so the nucleophile can attack from either side to make a chiral carbon, so equal liklihood, racemic mixture

Question 10

Why might an optical isomer not be formed?

Answer 10

Ketone was symmetrical

Question 11

What is the reducing agent for ketones and aldehydes?

Answer 11

Sodium borohydride - NaBH4

[H]
:H-

Question 12

What is Sodium Borohydride represented as in a mechanism for ketone reduction?

Answer 12

-:H

Question 13

Why is the boiling points of carboxylic acids high?

Answer 13

More VDW forces as it forms a dimer, double hydrogen bonding between The H of OH and O of C=O

Question 14

What forces do esters have?

Answer 14

VDW and dipole-dipole

Question 15

Can an ester react as an acid?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

What makes an ester?

Answer 16

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid ——> (reversible) ester

Reflux and strong sulphuric acid catalyst

Question 17

How do you name an ester?

Answer 17

Alcohol= side chain
Carboxylic acid= main name

Methanol + ethanoic acid. —-> Methyl ethanoate

Question 18

Describe the structure of an ester

Answer 18

C=O bonded with another O and two R groups

Question 19

What might esters be used for in life?

Answer 19

Solvents, sweet smells, foods

Question 20

What can you hydrolyse an eater with!

Answer 20

Acidic: H2O
Alkaline: NaOH

Question 21

Describe the transesterification reaction

Answer 21

Oil + Methanol (3CH3OH) ——-> glycerol + CH3OOCH

Question 22

What is an anhydride?

Answer 22

Form a W shape C=O O C=O
and R groups

Question 23

What is an Acyl Chloride?

Answer 23

R group with C=O and Cl

Question 24

How do you name an acyl chloride?

Answer 24

longest carbon chain + oyl chloride

e.g ethanoyl chloride

Question 25

What do you use Nucleophilic Addition Elimination for?

Answer 25

Acyl chlorides Add water, eliminates Cl into OH Leaves alcohol and HCl

Question 26

Why are acid anhydrides better than acid chlorides?

Answer 26

Cheaper Less corrosive Doesn’t react readily with water Safer Don’t need as much Slower tho

Question 27

How do you name an acid anhydride?

Answer 27

Name one of the carboxylic acids in it, change oic acid to oic anhydride