idrk Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
scalar
A
just magnitude
2
Q
vector
A
magnitude and direction
3
Q
examples of scalars (3)
A
distance
mass
speed
4
Q
examples of vectors (6)
A
displacement
weight
velocity
acceleration
force
momentum
5
Q
on a velocity time graph, how do we calculate acceleration
A
acceleration = gradient
velocity / time
6
Q
distance travelled on a velocity time graph
A
area under graph
7
Q
acceleration due to gravity on earth
A
10 m/s2
8
Q
force unit
A
newtons
9
Q
weight unit
A
newtons
10
Q
centripetal force
A
the resultant force when things are moving in a circle
11
Q
momentum unit
A
kg m/s
12
Q
the law of conservation of momentum
A
momentum is always conserved
momentum before = momentum after
13
Q
what distance increases when a vehicles speed increases
A
thinking AND breaking
14
Q
factors affecting thinking distance
A
drink
drugs
tiredness
15
Q
factors affecting breaking distance
A
condition of tires
condition of road
weight of car
16
Q
work done unit
A
Joules
17
Q
1 joule is = to
A
1 newton metre
18
Q
different types of energy (GEEKSLUNCH)
A
Gravitational potential
Electrical energy
Elastic potential
Kinetic
Sound
Light
U
Nuclear
Chemical
Heat (thermal)
19
Q
conservation of energy law
A
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed into another type
20
Q
wasted energy
A
any energy coming out of a situation when we didnt intend for it to be there
21
Q
what does wasted heat and sound energy do?
A
dissipates into the surroundings
22
Q
sankey diagram
A
energy in on left
useful energy straight across
wasted energy arrow down
23
Q
ways to insulate a house (7)
A
cavity wall insulation
double glazed windows
loft insulation
carpets
curtains
draft excluders
jacket around hot water tank
24
Q
renewable sources of generating electricity
A
not going to run out, we can get more
sun
wind
hydroelectric
tidal
wave
geothermal
25
finite sources of generating electricity
going to run out, cannot get more
fossil fuels:
coal oil gas
nuclear
26
pros and cons of solar
dont release co2
non polluting
cant happen at night
expensive
27
pros and cons of wind
dont release co2
non polluting
weather dependent
people dont like how they look
28
pros and cons of tidal, hydro electric, wave
dont release co2
non polluting
can be disruptive to local environment
may flood peoples homes or habitats
29
pros and cons of geothermal
non polluting
no co2
can only be used in volcanic countries
30
pros of using fossil fuels or nuclear power
very readily available
very cheap
short start up times
31
cons of using fossil fuels
take millions and millions of years to create
heavily polluting
32
cons of using nuclear
have to store radioactive waste for long periods of time
small risk of explosion
33
longitudinal wave is made up of
areas of compression and areas of refraction
34
types of longitudinal wave
sound
seismic p waves
35
how to measure wavelength of longitudinal wave
point of compression to compression
36
direction of movement in a longitudinal wave
side to side
37
direction of movement of energy in longitudinal wave
side to side
38
oscillations are ________ to the direction of travel in a longitudinal wave
parallel
39
how to measure amplitude in transverse waves
middle to top or middle to bottom
40
types of transverse waves
EM
ripples
seismic s waves
41
direction of movement in a transverse wave
up and down
42
direction of movement of energy in transverse wave
side to side
43
oscillations are ________ to the direction of travel in a transverse wave
perpendicular
44
frequency is the.... (waves)
number of waves per second
45
frequency unit
Hertz
46
something we can use to measure waves
ripple tank
47
refraction happens when
a wave passes from one medium into another medium
48
when refraction happens, the wave will change... because it changes...
direction
speed
49
violet light wavelength
4 x 10^-7 m
50
red light wavelength
7 x 10^-7 m
51
red light frequency
4 x 10^14 hz
52
violet light frequency
7 x 10^14 hz
53
order of the em spectrum acronym
raging
martians
invaded
venus
using
x ray
guns
54
order of the em spectrum normal
radio
micro
infrared
visible light
ultra violet
x ray
gamma ray
55
how does energy change along the em spectrum
start (RADIO) - low energy
end (GAMMA) - high energy
56
how does frequency change along the em spectrum
start (RADIO) - low freq
end (GAMMA) - high freq
57
how does wavelength change along the em spectrum
start (RADIO) - long
end (GAMMA) - short
58
radio wave use
radio communications
59
microwave use
heating food
communication (wifi)
60
infrared use
remote controls
heat sensing
61
visible light use
in your eyes
cameras
62
ultraviolet use
sun (tanning)
detecting fake bank notes
63
xray use
medical images of bones
64
gamma ray use
sterilisation
treating cancer
65
size of an atom
0.1 - 0.5 nm (10^-10 m)
66
alpha radiation is a
helium nuclei (4 2)
67
beta radiation is
an electron
68
gamma radiation is
a wave, part of the em spectrum
69
size of radiations...
alpha is large
beta mid
gamma small
70
ionising ability of radiations...
alpha is highly ionising
beta is mid
gamma is not ionising
71
penetration ability of radiations...
alpha is bad (paper/skin stops)
beta is mid (foil)
gamma is highly (lead)
72
what measures radiation
geiger muller tube
73
unit for radiation
becquerels (bq)
74
sources of background radiation
radon gas (50 percent)
medical (14 percent)
ground (14 percent)
food and drink (11.5 percent)
cosmic (10 percent)
nuclear weapon testing (0.2)
plane travel (0.2)
nuclear power stations (0.1)
75
1800s model of atom
dalton
solid sphere
76
1897 model of atom
jj thompson
plum pudding
positive sphere with negative bits throughout
77
1911 model of atom
rutherford tested plum pudding model
atom is mostly empty space
small dense mass of positive charge (nucleus)
78
rutherford experiment summed up
directed alpha particles (positive nuclear radiation) at a thin goldleaf in a vacumn
79
why did rutherford need a vacumn
so the alpha particles would only be deflected by gold foil
80
what did they expect in the rutherford experiment?
that they would pass straight through
81
what happened to the particles in the rutherford experiment?
most did pass
a small number deflected by large angles (>40 degrees)
small number came straight back off the foil
82
from his observations how did rutherford conclude his model?
-most went through = atom is mostly empty space
- small number at large angle = concentration of positive charge in the atom as like charges repel
- tiny amount came straight back = positive charge and mass concentrated in a tiny volume as there was a tiny number doing this
83
who discovered neutrons
chadwick
84
who discovered the nuclear model we use today
Bohr
85
half life definition
time it takes for half the radioactive atoms to decay
86
ultrasound
above 20000 hz
87
infrasound
below 20 hz
88
uses of ultrasound
mapping surface of sea using ship (TIME IS DOUBLED!!!)
medical imaging (foetal scanning)
89
uses of infrasound
investigate internal structure of earth
90
what does a sound wave do to air
vibrates air particles
91
route of sound in ear
canal -> vibrates eardrum -> ossicles transmit these vibrations to the cochlea -> electrical signals -> auditory nerve -> brain
92
angle of incidence is always
equal to angle of reflection
93
sound wave reflected
an echo
94
what is total internal reflection
the point at which ALL of the light is reflected, none is transmitted
95
when does total internal reflection happen
at the critical angle
96
light is always trying to "run away" from...
the normal, so when it slows down in glass or water, it bends towards the normal
97
converging lens corrects...
long sightedness
98
converging lens creates...
real image
99
converging lenses...
magnify
100
ray diagrams for a converging lens
line top of object to the lens and then through primary focus on other side
line top of object through middle (axis cross)
line top of object through focus on near side to axis then parallel with other axis
Top of image is where these lines all meet and it is UPSIDE DOWN
101
diverging lenses correct...
short sightedness
102
diverging lenses create...
virtual images
103
ray diagram for diverging lens
line from top of object across to axis
dash line from focal point on near side up to where the other line meets axis then extend
line top of object through middle
where dashed line and line through middle meet in the virtual image
104
image diverging lens will be..
upright and smaller
105
good absorbers of radiation
dark
matte
106
good emitters of radiation
dark
matte
107
good reflectors of radiation
shiny surfaces
108
what is gamma radiation used for
cancer treatment - long half life
sterilisation
109
beta radiation usesssss and half life required
testing thickness of foils - long half life
medical tracers - short half life
110
alpha radiation uses and half life
smoke alarms long half life
111
alpha in smoke alarms
A household smoke alarm measures the movement of alpha particles across a small gap. If smoke enters the detector, it will absorb the alphas and the detector will measure a drop in the number getting across the gap. This drop in measurement will trigger the alarm to sound.
112
nuclear fission chain reaction process
SLOW neutron fired from something
hits heavy radioactive element
splits into (3) or 2 smaller nuclei
some neutrons come out
some radiation comes out
the neutrons go on to hit other radioactive nuclei
113
nuclear fusion
fusing of two smaller nuclei to make one large nucleus and releases energy
light
heat
sound
114
why is gravity weaker on the moon?
its less MASSive
115
order of planets
mercury
venus
earth
mars
ASTEROID BELT
jupiter
saturn
uranus
neptune
KUIPER BELT
116
geocentric
planets revolve around earth
117
heliocentric
planets revolve around sun
118
galaxy we live in
milky way
119
life cycle of a star (AVERAGE)
nebula, dust, gas collapses under force of gravity
main sequence star hydrogen into helium fusion
red giant no more hydrogen thermonuclear helium fusion = force of gravity
nebula as red giant sheds outer layers
white dwarf
black dwarf
120
life cycle of a star (MASSIVE)
nebula,
massive main sequence
red supergiant
super nova when rsg exhausts its nuclear fuel, leading to a gravitational collapse and a massive explosion
black hole intense gravity will compress it into a singularity, forming a black hole
OR
neutron star - leaves an incredibly dense core behind
121
satellite
anything that orbits earth
122
how do orbits stay in orbit
gravity
123
redshift
example of doppler effect
increased wavelength
decreased frequency
moving away
124
big bang theory
expanding from small point
CMB radiation
125
steady state
expanding
has always existed
matter consistently being created
126
strucutre of earth
crust then mantle SOLID
outercore liquid
innercore solid
127
earthquakes cause
seismic waves
128
p waves are
longitiudinal can PASS THROUGH LIQUID
faster
129
s waves are
transverse ONLY SOLIDS
slower
130
s waves travel description after earthquake
curved paths - s wave shadow zone
cannot pass through the liquid
131
p waves travel description after earthquake
p wave shadow zones are because p waves travel faster in solids than liquids so curve away from normal in the liquid REFRACT
faint p waves in shadow zones show the earth contains a solid inner core
132
excitement of electrons
When atoms absorb energy, perhaps by absorbing electromagnetic radiation, the electrons at a particular level are pushed up to higher levels (at bigger distances from the nucleus) - they become 'excited'. In time, they jump back down to a lower level releasing light of definite frequencies.
