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BIOLOGY > Igcse > Flashcards

Igcse Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Active immunity

A

Defense against a pathogen by antibody production in the body.

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2
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, using energy from respiration.

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3
Q

Adaption

A

The process, resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations.

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4
Q

Adaptive feature

A

An inherited feature that helps an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

The chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy.

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6
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene.

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7
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.

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8
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that bind to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens or marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes.

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

A process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.

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10
Q

Assimilation

A

The uptake and use of nutrients by cells.

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11
Q

Balanced diet

A

A diet that contains all of the required nutrients, in suitable proportions, and the right amount of energy.

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12
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number of different species that live in an area.

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13
Q

Biofuel

A

A fuel that is made by mixing ethanol with petrol.

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14
Q

Carnivore

A

An animal that gets its energy by eating other animals.

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15
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction.

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16
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.

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17
Q

Cholera

A

A disease caused by a bacterium which is transmitted in contaminated water.

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18
Q

Circulatory system

A

System of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

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19
Q

Clotting

A

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh.

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20
Q

Codominance

A

A situation in which both alleles in heterozygous organisms contribute to the phenotype.

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21
Q

Community

A

All of the populations of different species in an ecosystem.

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22
Q

Consumer

A

An organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms.

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23
Q

Cross pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species.

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24
Q

Deamination

A

The removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea.

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25
Decomposer
An organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material.
26
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, as a result of their random movement.
27
Diploid
A nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes.
28
Dominant allele
An alternative form of a gene that is expressed if it is present in the genotype.
29
Double circulation system
Blood travels through the heart twice during one complete circuit of the body.
30
Drug
Any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body.
31
Ecosystem
The unit containing the community of organisms and their environment, interacting together.
32
Effector
A part of the body that carries out a response to a stimulus, e.g. a muscle or gland.
33
Excretion
The removal of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements from the body.
34
Fertilisation
The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete.
35
Fitness
The probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in its environment.
36
Food chain
Showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer.
37
Food web
A network of interconnected food chains.
38
Gene
A length of DNA that codes for a protein.
39
Gene mutation
A random change in the base sequence of DNA.
40
Genetic engineering
Changing the genetic material of an organism by using genes from another organism to confer resistance to insect pests/herbicides.
41
Genetic modification
Changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes.
42
Genotype
The genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the alleles present.
43
Gravitropism
A response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity.
44
Growth
A permanent increase in size and dry mass.
45
Haploid
A nucleus containing a single set of chromosomes.
46
Herbivore
An animal that gets its energy by eating plants.
47
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles of a particular gene.
48
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
49
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles of a particular gene.
50
Hormone
A chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.
51
Inheritance
The transmission of genetic information from generation to generation.
52
Involuntary action
Automatic action where stimulus always leads to the same response.
53
Limiting factor
An environmental element present in such short supply that it restricts life processes.
54
Meiosis
A reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells.
55
Mitosis
Nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells.
56
Movement
An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
57
Mutation
Genetic change.
58
Nutrition
Taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
59
Organ
Structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform a specific function.
60
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential, through a partially permeable membrane.
61
Passive immunity
Short term defense against pathogens by antibodies acquired from another individual.
62
Pathogen
A disease-causing organism.
63
Phenotype
The observable features of an organism.
64
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants synthesise carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.
65
Phototropism
A response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light.
66
Physical digestion
The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules.
67
Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.
68
Population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
69
Producer
An organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis.
70
Recessive allele
An alternative form of a gene that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present in the genotype.
71
Reflex action
A means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors.
72
Reproduction
The processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
73
Respiration
The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism.
74
Self pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant.
75
Sense organ
Groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli.
76
Sensitivity
The ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.
77
Sex linked characteristic
Feature in which the gene responsible is located on a sex chromosome.
78
Sexual reproduction
A process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other.
79
Sexually transmitted diseases
An infection that is transmitted through exchange of bodily fluids during sexual contact.
80
Single circulatory system
Blood travels through the heart only once during one complete circuit of the body.
81
Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
82
Stem cell
Unspecialised cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells that become specialised for specific functions.
83
Sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
84
Sustainable resource
One which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out.
85
Synapse
A junction between two neurons.
86
Tissue
A group of cells with a similar structure, working together to perform a shared function.
87
Translocation
The movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem from sources to sinks.
88
Transmissible disease
A disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another.
89
Transpiration
Loss of water vapour from the leaves, by evaporation of water from the surface of mesophyll cells, followed by the diffusion through the stomata.
90
Trophic level
The position of an organism in a food chain, food web or ecological pyramid.
91
Variation
Differences between individuals of the same species.

BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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