iGCSE PSYCHOLOGY

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

Learning from the consequences of actions.

Question 2

Positive reinforcement

Answer 2

Receiving something pleasant for a behaviour, so we repeat it.

Question 3

Negative reinforcement

Answer 3

The avoidance of something unpleasant, so we do it again.

Question 4

Primary reinforcers

Answer 4

These satisfy a basic biological need e.g. food, water, warmth and shelter.

Question 5

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 5

These are of no survival value, but we have learned to associate them with a primary reinforcer e.g. money, credit cards.

Question 6

Positive punishment

Answer 6

Receiving something unpleasant for a behaviour, so we do not do it again.

Question 7

Negative punishment

Answer 7

Removing something pleasant so we do not repeat the behaviour.

Question 8

Social learning theory

Answer 8

Behaviour is learned through the observation and imitation of role models.

Question 9

Retention

Answer 9

able to recall the modeled behaviour

Question 10

Modelling

Answer 10

Learning a new behaviour through paying attention to, retaining and reproducing the behaviour of a role model.

Question 11

reproduction

Answer 11

an ability to reproduce the behaviour

Question 12

Observational learning

Answer 12

Learning new behaviours through watching and modelling a role model.

Question 13

motivation

Answer 13

this increases the likelihood of performing the obsevered behaviour

Question 14

Role model

Answer 14

A person who we admire or with whom we ahre similar characteristics.

Question 15

identification

Answer 15

this occurs in SLT when the learner replicates the behaviour and/or internalises belief

Question 16

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 16

Motivation to model the behaviours of others who we see being rewarded for their behaviour.

Question 17

Chrisitan

Answer 17

Researcher who found higher concordance rates in crimnal activity for dizygotic twins than monozygotic twins

Question 18

Concordance rate

Answer 18

The chance of both twins having something in common e.g. criminal ativity

Question 19

Extravert

Answer 19

A personlity type characterised by low levels or resting arousal and sensation seeking behaviours

Question 20

Introvert

Answer 20

A personality type characterised by levels of resting arousal

Question 21

Psychotic

Answer 21

A persoanlity type where the person shows a lack of fear and empathy towards others

Question 22

Neurotic

Answer 22

A persoanlity type where the person nervous and react strongly to negative emotions

Question 23

EPQ

Answer 23

A questionnaire used to measure extraversion, psychoticim and neuroticism

Question 24

Temperment

Answer 24

Someone nature. They are born with it and it affects behaviour.

Question 25

Socialisation

Answer 25

The way you are raised an taught to behave. It can vary according to P

Question 26

PEN

Answer 26

criminality personality type

Question 27

Custody

Answer 27

prison synonym

Question 28

Recidivism

Answer 28

Commiting another crime after being released from an original crime

Question 29

Rehabilitation

Answer 29

Program designed to help criminal rather than punish them

Question 30

Hummanitarian

Answer 30

Concern for a humans welfare

Question 31

community sentencing

Answer 31

offender serves to do work to improve their community e.g. cleanng graffiti

Question 32

curfew

Answer 32

restriction on a time that an offender is allowed to be outside.

Question 33

restorative justice

Answer 33

process of a victim and offender meeting to resolve conflict and understand the pain caused by the crime

Question 34

Token Economy

Answer 34

A system of rewarding behaviours that are desirable

Question 35

Bandura

Answer 35

Investigated social learning theory using the bobo doll experiment

Question 36

Charlton et al

Answer 36

Investgated the introduction of TV on aggression and pro-social behaviour in St Helena

Question 37

Anger Management Program

Answer 37

For of rehabilitation consisting to cognitive preperation, skills acquisition and application practice

Question 38

cognitive preparation

Answer 38

step 1 of anger management: reflect on what make the offender angry and how it is counter productive

Question 39

skills acquisition

Answer 39

step 2 of anger management: learn to relax through deep breathing and to assertive

Question 40

application practice

Answer 40

step 3: role play situations where one feels angry and use skills to deal with the problem