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Powerplant > Ignition & Starters > Flashcards

Ignition & Starters Flashcards

1
Q

When does the ignition event take place in a four stroke engine?

A

During the compression stroke

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2
Q

3 types of ignition systems:

A

Battery
Magneto
FADEC

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3
Q

What does FADEC stand for?

A

Full Authority Digital Engine Control

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4
Q

What is FADEC?

A

A solid state digital electronic ignition and sequential port fuel injection system

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5
Q

What does FADEC monitor?

A

Manifold Air Pressure (MAP)
Manifold Air Temp (MAT)
Engine Speed (RPM)
Cylinder Head Temp (CHT)
Exhaust Gas Temp (EGT)
Ignition
Timing
Fuel Mixture

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6
Q

ECU (electronic control unit) is the heart of the FADEC system. What does it contain?

A

Contains two microprocessors that control two cylinders

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7
Q

What are the types of magnetos?

A

Low & High tension
Rotating Magnet
Single or Double
Flange or Base

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8
Q

What does a low tension magneto require?

A

A secondary coil for each spark plug

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9
Q

What does a high tension magneto contain?

A

Contains Both a primary and secondary coil in the magneto
(Most common)

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10
Q

How many degrees apart are the two north poles of a four-pole magneto?

A

180 degrees

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11
Q

What is inside of a double magneto?

A

One housing
One magnet
One cam
Two sets of points
2 coils (primary & secondary)
2 capacitors
2 distributors

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12
Q

What are the three magneto circuits?

A

Magnetic
Primary
Secondary

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13
Q

What is a magneto’s permanent magnet made of?

A

Alnico
Aluminum
Nickel
Cobalt

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14
Q

Where is the ignition switch found?

A

In the primary circuit

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15
Q

The direction of the magnetic lines of flux is. always from ______ to ______ pole

A

North to South

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16
Q

What is a Keeper?

A

A laminated soft-iron bar placed across the poles of the rotating magnet to reduce the loss of magnetism

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17
Q

In magneto operational theory:
As speed increases…..

A

Voltage output increases

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18
Q

What are the 3 magnet rotational positions?

A

Full Register
Neutral
E-gap

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19
Q

What is Full Register?

A

The position of the magnet when all of the lines of flux are passing through the coil core

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20
Q

What is the Neutral position?

A

The position of the magnet when no lines of flux are passing through the coil core

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21
Q

Where does the rotating magnet pass through?

A

The E-gap position

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22
Q

How many turns of large insulated copper wire are in the Primary Circuit?

A

Relatively few

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23
Q

How many turns of very fine insulated copper wire are in the Secondary Circuit?

A

Several thousands

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24
Q

The magnetic field, caused by the primary current, collapses when the breaker points open. As this field collapses, what happens?

A

It induces a voltage in the secondary winding of the magneto coil

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25
Q

When do the breaker points in a high-tension magneto open?

A

When the rotating magnet is in the E-gap position

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26
Q

What is E-gap?

A

The position of the rotating magnet that is rotationally a few degrees beyond neutral

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27
Q

What is the Cam Follower?

A

A plastic device that contacts the breaker points to open them

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28
Q

What does cam follower wear cause?

A

Causes the timing to drift late or retard the spark

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29
Q

What is the compensated cam?

A

Has a separate cam lobe for each cylinder due to the elliptical path that the link rods follow

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30
Q

What does the capacitor do?

A

Acts as a storage chamber to absorb the sudden rise of voltage in the primary coil when the points begin to open

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31
Q

What does the capacitor prevent?

A

Prevents arcing between the contact points
(Burned points = Bad capacitor)

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32
Q

How do you remove grease or carbon tracks?

A

Acetone and lint-free cloth

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33
Q

The distributor gear always turns at _____ of the engine crankshaft speed.

A

1/2

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34
Q

What do the numbers on the distributor block show?

A

The magneto sparking order
NOT the firing order of the engine

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35
Q

What is Flash over?

A

Arcing across the incorrect path or surface

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36
Q

How can flashover due to high altitude flight be eliminated?

A

Pressurized magnetos

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37
Q

What is coming-in speed?

A

The slowest speed that the magnet can turn and still produce an intense spark at the spark plugs

38
Q

What is the Magneto Safety Gap?

A

Used to discharge the secondary coils’ voltage if an open occurs in the secondary circuit
(Protects the coil)

39
Q

When performing a magneto internal timing, what are you determining and setting?

A

The correct number of degrees beyond neutral
(E-gap)

40
Q

What do properly operating points look like?

A

Fine grained frosty or silvery appearance

41
Q

Increasing the breaker point gap will do what?

A

Advance the spark and decrease its intensity

42
Q

How do you use a timing magneto?

A

Connect a timing light to both magnetos and adjust until both magneto points open simultaneously

43
Q

Why does the starter spark occur late?

A

To prevent engine kickback

44
Q

What does impulse coupling do?

A

Provides a hot & late spark

45
Q

What does the booster coil require?

A

Battery power

46
Q

What does the second electrode or trailing finger do?

A

Distributes the output of the booster coil

47
Q

What does the “shower of sparks” do?

A

Provides both a hot & late spark

48
Q

What is the standard terminal end size?

A

5/8 - 24

49
Q

What is the all-weather terminal end size?

A

3/4 - 20

50
Q

How do you eliminate capacitance afterfiring?

A

With resistor type spark plugs

51
Q

What is the function of a spark plug?

A

To conduct a short impulse of high-voltage current through the wall of the combustion chamber to ignite the fuel/air charge

52
Q

What are the 3 major parts of a spark plug?

A

-Electrodes
-Ceramic or silicone insulator
-Metal shell

53
Q

What do resistor type spark plugs do?
(Besides eliminate capacitance afterfiring)

A

Reduce the burning & erosion of the electrodes in engines having shielded harnesses

54
Q

What are the 2 sizes of spark plug shell threads?

A

14mm or 18 mm (most common)

55
Q

What is spark plug reach?

A

The threaded portion of the spark plug

56
Q

What is spark plug heat range?

A

The ability to transfer heat from the firing end of the spark plug to the cylinder head

57
Q

What are the rules for spark plug heat range?

A

Hot running engine = Cold spark plug
Cool running engine = Hot spark plug

58
Q

What might happen if a cold plug is installed in a cool running engine?

A

The tip of the plug will collect unburned carbon and cause it to foul the plug

59
Q

A spark plug with too large of a gap will cause what?

A

Hard starting

60
Q

When are spark plugs considered to be worn out?

A

When their electrodes have worn away to approximately 1/2 of their original dimensions

61
Q

What are the 3 main components of a turbine ignition system?

A

-Exciter box
-Ignition leads
-Igniters

62
Q

Gas-turbine ignition systems are required to:

A

Operate for starting only

63
Q

What are turbine ignition systems rated in?

A

Joules

64
Q

Reciprocating engine ignition systems are rated in what?

A

Volts

65
Q

What is another name for transformer units?

A

Exciter box

66
Q

In the low-tension DC input system, what holds the points closed when the cockpit switch is off?

A

A Permanent Magnet

67
Q

In the low-tension DC input system, what is the purpose of the bleed resistor?

A

To allow the capacitor to bleed off its charge when the system is de-energized

68
Q

In the high-tension AC input system, what is not required because the system uses alternating current?

A

A Vibrator
(This eliminates the problems associated with the use of vibrating contacts)

69
Q

In the high-tension AC input system, what is the name of the transformer that steps the 4,000 V DC to 20,000 V DC prior to the igniter?

A

The Trigger Transformer

70
Q

What are the 4 parts of an igniter?

A

-Insulators
-Electrodes
-Shell body
-Internal seals

71
Q

Since the igniter usually operates just long enough to start the engine, what happens?

A

The total erosion over a long period of engine operation is not great.

72
Q

What are the 3 types of igniter plugs?

A

-Low voltage
-High voltage
-Glow plugs

(High, Low, Glow)

73
Q

What are 2 types of low voltage igniter plugs?

A

-Shunted surface gap (parallel or across)
-Glow coil element

74
Q

What are 4 types of high voltage igniter plugs?

A

-Air surface gap
-Surface gap
-Recessed surface gap
-Constrained gap

75
Q

The constrained gap igniter plug used in some gas turbine engines operates at a cooler temperature because:

A

The construction is such that the spark occurs beyond the face of the combustion chamber liner

76
Q

The capacitor type ignition system is used almost universally on turbine engines because of its:

A

High voltage and high heat intensity

77
Q

What is the most common type of magneto?

A

High-tension , 2 Pole

78
Q

What is a magneto?

A

A self-contained Alternating Current generator that produces electrical pulsations of high voltage for the purpose of ignition

79
Q

How do you increase Flux Linkage?

A

• Add more turns in the coil of wire.
• Use a stronger magnet.
• Increase the speed of the magnet.

80
Q

What is Lenz’s Law?

A

An induced voltage always operates in such a direction as to oppose the source of its creation.

81
Q

The ratio of magneto shaft speed to crankshaft speed is:

A

Number of cylinders
——————————
2 x number of poles

82
Q

What components are in the primary circuit?

A

• Primary Windings.
• Breaker Points.
• Condenser (Capacitor).
• Ignition Switch.

83
Q

What components are in the secondary circuit?

A

• Secondary Winding.
• Carbon Brush.
• Rotor.
• Distributor Block.
• Ignition Leads.
• Spark Plugs.
• The rotor and distributor block

84
Q

What are the SIZES OF IGN. LEADS?

A

• 5MM, 7MM & 9MM
MODERN HARNESSES USE 5MM.

85
Q

What is CAPACITANCE AFTERFIRING?

A

WHEN THE SHIELDING OF THE IGNITION LEAD STORES A CHARGE AND CAUSES THE SPARK PLUG TO FIRE OUT OF SEQUENCE.

86
Q

What are the 2 TYPES OF ELECTRODES?

A

• FINE WIRE
• MASSIVE ELECTRODE (most common)

87
Q

Why should you PLACE EACH SPARK PLUG IN A TRAY WITH NUMBERED HOLES?

A

THE CONDITION OF THE PLUG WILL INDICATE THE CONDITION OF THE CYLINDER.

88
Q

What are the 4 BASIC TYPES OF ENGINE STARTERS for reciprocating engines?

A

• HAND PROPPING
• DIRECT CRANKING (ELECTRIC)
• INERTIA (FLYWHEEL)
• COMBUSTION (EXPANDING GAS)

89
Q

What are the 4 types of starters for turbine engines?

A
  1. DIRECT CRANKING (ELECTRIC)
  2. AIR TURBINE
  3. COMBUSTION A.K.A .CARTRIDGE (EXPANDING GAS)
  4. AIR IMPINGEMENT
90
Q

What are the two types of turbine starter systems?

A

AC &DC

Powerplant (11 decks)

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