II. Introduction To human Diseases Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Alteration of homeostasis
A
Disease
2
Q
State of sameness or normalcy the body thrives to achieve
A
Homeostasis
3
Q
Pathologic condition of the body and mind
A
Disorder
4
Q
2 examples of disorder
A
- vitamin deficiency (nutritional disorder)
* malformation of a joint (bone disorder)
5
Q
Group of symptoms caused by several interrelated problems
A
Syndrome
6
Q
2 examples of syndrome
A
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
* AIDS (decrease CD4 or T-cells)
7
Q
A syndrome with involuntary ticks
A
Tourette’s syndrome
8
Q
Structural/morphological alterations associated with a diseased state in an individual
A
Lesion
9
Q
A lesion like chicken pox
A
Vesicle
10
Q
Looks like an insect bite or acne
A
Papule
11
Q
Papule with fluid
A
Vesicle
12
Q
Vesicle with pus
A
Pustule
13
Q
Bigger than the vesicle
A
Bulae
14
Q
A change which is specifically characteristic of a disease
A
Pathognomonic lesion
15
Q
Example of pathognomonic lesion
A
Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells) in Hodgkin diseases
16
Q
1) Manifestation of disease that are observed
2) ex: vomiting
A
Clinical signs
17
Q
1) Subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body
2) can only be reported by the affected individual
3) nausea
A
Clinical symptoms
18
Q
5 predisposing factors
A
- age
- gender
- environment
- lifestyle
- heredity
19
Q
1) Less than 30 days old
2) immune systems are not fully developed
A
Newborns
20
Q
Their immune systems are degenerated
A
Elderly
21
Q
Males usually have what disease (2)
A
Lung cancer (smoke) and gout (alcoholic) *alcohol increases Utica acid content
22
Q
They usually have:
1) osteoporosis
2) rheumatoid arthritis
3) breast cancer
A
Women
23
Q
2 predisposing factors in environment
A
- air and water pollution (asthma)
* farmers - pesticides and sun exposure
24
Q
5 predisposing factors according to lifestyle
A
- smoking (pancreatic cancer and urinary bladder cancer)
- alcohol drinking (hepatocellular carcinoma)
- poor nutrition (malnourished)
- lack of exercise
- stress
25
2 types of poor nutrition
Obese and underweight
26
Can build up free radical (develop cancer)
Stress
27
3 predisposing factors according to heredity
* genetic makeup
* heart disease
* cancer
28
3 example of genetic makeup predisposing factor according to heredity
* asthma
* diabetes
* high blood
29
Sequence of events in response of the cells or tissues to the etiologic agents
Pathogenesis
30
From initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the disease
Pathogenesis
31
6 stages of pathogenesis
* incubation period
* prodromal period
* silent or latent period
* exacerbation
* remission
* convalescence
32
1) Exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and 1st appearance of signs and symptoms
2) depends on immune system
Incubation period
33
Appearance of the first sign and symptoms including the onset of the disease
Prodromal period
34
1) Signs and symptoms may become mild or even disappear for a time
2) ex: syphilis (do not recover)
3) not all disease have latent period
Silent/latent period
35
Sudden increase in the severity of a disease
Exacerbation
36
1) Decline in severity of the sign and symptoms of a disease
2) ex: cancer
Remission
37
Stage of recovery after a disease, injury or surgery
Convalescence
38
1) Refers to the structural alteration in cells or tissues that are either characteristics of the disease or diagnostic of the etiologic process
2) ex: gross & microscopic process
Morphologic changes
39
Predicted or expected outcome of the disease
Prognosis
40
1) Sudden onset
| 2) short term (less than 2weeks)
Acute disease
41
1) Extended period
| 2) healing process is progressing slowly
Chronic diseases
42
4 example of acute diseases
* URTI
* laceration (heal within 1week)
* gastroenteritis (less than 1week)
* pneumonia
43
4 example of chronic diseases
* hypertension
* diabetes mellitus
* heart disease
* asthma
44
Onset of a 2nd disease/disorder in an individual who is already affected with a disease
Complications
45
Change in structure or function that is considered to be abnormal within the body
Disease
46
1) % of people with a dose who live for a set period of time
2) ex: 2 year survival rate
3) aka "taning"
Survival rate
47
3 methods of diagnosis
* Laboratory test (CBC)
* Radiologic test (X-RAY, MRI)
* Pathophysiology
48
Caused by a physical injury from an external force
Trauma
49
1) Leading cause of death on children and adults
| 2) varies with age, race and residence
Trauma
50
7 types of trauma
* motor vehicle accidents
* firearms
* poison
* fall
* suffocation
* suicide
* homicide
51
Protective immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant
Inflammation
52
5 examples of inflammation
* rubor (redness)
* calor (heat)
* dolor (pain)
* tumor (swelling)
* loss of motion
53
Refers to the invasion of microorganism into tissue that causes cell or tissue injury
Infection
54
Both have increased # of cells which lead to increase in tissue size or organ
Hyperplasia and neoplasm
55
Overgrowth on response to some type of stimulus
Hyperplasia
56
2 example of hyperplasia
* female breast at puberty (estrogen)
| * partial hepatectomy (removal of some portion of liver compensatory
57
True or False: not all tumors are neoplasms?
True. Some are benign
58
Overconsumption or underconsumption of nutrients
Nutritional imbalance
59
Inadequate nutrients intake
Malnutrition
60
Individual who has an ill, thin, wasted appearance
Cachexia
61
Overconsumption of nutrients and lack of exercise
Obesity
62
3 disease cause by obesity
* cardiovascular disease
* arteriosclerosis
* bone and joint problems
63
Vitamins and mineral excess and deficiency is usually related to: (3)
* diet
* metabolic disorder
* some medication
64
Vitamin deficiency is
Scarvy
65
Impaired immunity - immune system protected the body into 2 additional ways
1) inflammatory response in which leukocytes play a vital part in killing foreign invaders
2) specific Ag-Ab reaction (allergy)
* Innate (skin, WBC)
* adoptive
66
Hyper responsive/ hyper reaction
Allergy
67
Body's lymphocytes cannot identify the body's own self Ag which is harmless
Autoimmunity
68
Decrease/absence of lymphocytes
Immunodeficiency
69
3 example of immunodeficiency
* AIDS
* organ recipients (doctors give immunosuppressant to prevent organ rejection)
* cancer patients after chemo or radiotherapy
70
4 types of diseases
* infectious disease
* non-infectious
* psychosomatic
* idiopathic disease
71
4 pathogens of infectious diseases
* protozoa/helminth
* virus
* fungi
* bacteria
72
aka Non-communicable or Non-transmissible
Non-infectious
73
An organization that says "the leading causes of death in the world are non-infectious diseases, over 60% of all death"
World health organization (WHO)
74
7 examples of non-infectious diseases
* allergy
* heart diseases
* stroke
* cancer
* asthma
* emphysema (cigarette smoking)
* diabetes mellitus
75
A type of disease that involves the mind and the body
Psychosomatic
76
4 example of psychosomatic diseases
* psoriasis
* eczema
* stomach ulcer
* high blood pressure
77
Treatment for psychiatric problems like stress, depression and anxiety
Ease stress, anxiety and depression
78
Type of disease, where the cause is unknown
Idiopathic disease
79
3 example of idiopathic diseases
* focal segmental
* glomerulosclerosis
* ankylosing spondylitis
80
An idiopathic disease where the joints are not flexible and cartilages are no longer present
Ankylosing spondylitis
