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3500 > iii, iv, vi > Flashcards

iii, iv, vi Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

cognitive system

A

a conscious, rational, and controlled system of thinking

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2
Q

experiential system

A

an unconscious, intuitive, and automatic system of thinking

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3
Q

dual process theories

A

theories that are used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information

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4
Q

heuristics

A

mental short cuts, or rules of thumb, that are used for making judgements and decisions

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5
Q

implicit attitudes

A

automatic associations based on previous learning through experiential system

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6
Q

explicit attitudes

A

attitudes people are consciously aware of through the cognitive system

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7
Q

somatic marker hypothesis

A

idea that changes in the body, experienced as emotion, guide decision making

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8
Q

categories

A

mental containers in which people place things that are similar to each other

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9
Q

schema

A

a mental structure store in memory that is based on prior knowledge

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10
Q

scripts

A

schemas about an event that specify the typical sequence of actions that take place

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11
Q

impressions

A

schemas people have about other individuals

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12
Q

self concept

A

schema people have about themselves

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13
Q

accessibility

A

ease with which people can bring an idea into consciousness and use it in thinking

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14
Q

salience

A

aspect of schema that is active in one’s mind and consciously or not, colors, perceptions, and behavior

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15
Q

priming

A

process by which exposure to a stimulus in the environment increases salience of a schema

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16
Q

associative networks

A

models for how pieces of information are linked together and stored in memory

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17
Q

semantic associations

A

mental linked between two concepts that are similar in meaning or that are parts of the same category

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18
Q

experiential associations

A

mental linked between two concepts that are experienced close together in time or space

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19
Q

chronically accessible schemas

A

schemas that are easily brought to mind because they are personally important and used frequently

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20
Q

assimilation effects

A

occur when priming a schema changes a person’s thinking in the direction of the primed idea

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21
Q

contrast effects

A

occur when priming a schema changes a person’s thinking in the opposite direction of the primed idea

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22
Q

self fulfilling prophecy

A

phenomenon where initially false expectations cause fulfillment of those expectations

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23
Q

metaphor

A

cognitive tool that allows people to understand an abstract concept in terms of dissimilar, concrete concept

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24
Q

short term memory

A

information and input that is currently activated

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25
long term memory
information from past experience that may or may not be activated
26
misinformation effect
process by which cues that are given after an event can plant false information into memory
27
availability heuristic
tendency to assume that information that comes easily to mind is more frequent or common
28
ease of retrieval effect
process where people judge how frequently an event occurs on the basis of how easily they can retrieve examples of that event
29
casual attribution
explanation that people use for what caused a particular event of behavior
30
locus of causality
attribution of behavior to either an aspect of the actor or to some aspect of the situation
31
correspondent inference
tendency to attribute to the actor an attitude, desire, or trait that corresponds to the action
32
fundamental attribution error
tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors
33
actor observer effect
tendency to make internal attributions for the behavior of others and external attributions for our own behavior
34
covariation principle
tendency to see a causal relationship between an event and an outcome when they happen at the same time
35
discounting principle
tendency to reduce the importance of any potential cause of another's behavior to the extent that other potential causes exist
36
magical thinking
tendency to believe that simply having thoughts about an event before it occurs can influence that event
37
fusiform face area
region of temporal lobe that helps us recognize the people we know
38
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
39
theory of mind
set of ideas about other peoples' thoughts, desires, feelings, and intentions based on what we know about them and the situation they are in
40
mirror neurons
certain neurons are activated both when one performs an action oneself and when one simply observes another person performing that action
41
transference
process whereby we activate schemas of a person we know and use the schemas to form an impression of someone new
42
false consensus
general tendency to assume other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and preferences
43
halo effect
tendency of social percievers' assessments of an individual on a given trait to be biased by the percievers' more general impression of the individual
44
representativeness heuristic
tendency to overestimate the likelihood that a target is part of a larger category if it has features that seem representative of that category
45
primacy effect
idea that what we learn early colors how we judge subsequent information
46
upward counterfactual
imagined alternative where the outcome is better than what actually happened
47
downward counterfacual
imagined worse alternative outcomes to something that actually happened
48
cognitive dissonance theory
idea that people have such distaste for perceiving inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior that they will bias their own attitudes and beliefs to try and deny inconsistencies
49
free choice paradigm
lab situation in which people make a choices between two alternatives, and after they do, attraction to the alternatives is assessed
50
induced compliance paradigm
lab situation in which participants are induced to engage in a behavior that runs counter to their true attitudes
51
induced hypocrisy paradigm
lab situation in which participants are asked to advocate an opinion they already believe in, but then are reminded about a time when their actions ran counter to that opinion, therefore arousing dissonance
52
effort justification
phenomenon where people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable
53
minimal deterrence
use of minimal level of external justification necessary to deter unwanted behavior
54
self concept clarity
clearly defined, internally consistent, and temporally stable self concept
55
self verification
seeking out other people and social situations that support the way one views oneself in order to sustain a consistent and clear self concept
56
self complexity
extent to which an individual's self concept consists of many different aspects
57
self narrative
coherent life story that connects one's past, present, and possible future
58
possible selves
images of what the self might become in the future
59
self esteem
level of positive feeling one has about oneself
60
self handicapping
placing obstacles in the way of one's own success to protect self esteem from a possible future failure
61
projection
assigning to others those traits that people fear they possess themselves
62
theory of symbolic self completion
idea that when people perceive that a self defining aspect is threatened, they feel incomplete, and then try to compensate by acquiring and displaying symbols that support their desired self definition
63
compensation
after a blow to self esteem in one domain, people often shore up their overall sense of self worth by bolstering how they think of themselves in an unrelated domain
64
self affirmation theory
idea that people respond less defensively to threats to one aspect of themselves if they think about another valued aspect of themselves
65
basking in reflected glory
associating oneself with successful others to help bolster one's own self esteem
66
self evaluation maintenance model
idea that people adjust their perceived similarity to successful others to minimize threatening comparisons and maximize self esteem supporting identifications
67
anxiety buffer
idea that self esteem allows people to face threats with their anxiety minimized
68
sociometer model
idea that a basic function of the self esteem is to indicate to the individual how much he or she is accepted by other people
69
self compassion
being kind to ourselves when we suffer, fail, or feel inadequate, recognizing that imperfection is part of the human condition, and accepting rather than denying negative feelings about ourselves
70
dramaturgical perspective
using theater as a metaphor, the idea that people perform accordingly to a script
71
self monitoring
an individual's difference in people's desire and ability to adjust their self presentations for different audiences
72
spotlight effect
belief that others are more focused on us than they actually are
73
illusion of transparency
the tendency to overestimate another's ability to know our internal thoughts and feelings
74
self determination theory
idea that people function best when they feel that their actions stem from their own desires rather than from external forces
75
locus of control
extent to which a person believes that either internal or external factors determine life outcomes
76
overjustification effect
tendency for salient rewards or threats to lead people to attribute the reason, or justification, for engaging in an activity to an external factor, which thereby undermines their intrinsic motivation for and enjoyment of the activity
77
flow
feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity that is appropriately challenging to one's skills
78
mindfulness
state of being and acting fully in the current moment

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