III. URINARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS

Question 1

Inflammation is worse in ___ horses (female vs. male)

Answer 1

Female

Question 2

normal temp. of horses

Answer 2

37.2-38.5 C

Question 3

normal HR of horses

Answer 3

28-40 bpm

Question 4

normal RR of horses

Answer 4

10-14 rpm

Question 5

good measure of glomerular filtration rate;
good kidney base values

Answer 5

Creatinine

Question 6

can gauge kidney condition but not as reliable

Answer 6

BUN

Question 7

normal creatinine clearance for equines

Answer 7

1.38-1.87 ml/min/kg

Question 8

formula for creatinine clearance:

Answer 8

Urine volume (ml) x Urine creatinine (mg/dl)/ time (min) x Serum creatinine (mg/dl) x BW (kg) = ___ ml/min/kg

Question 9

Better measure for kidney fxn

Answer 9

creatinine clearance

Question 10

decreased creatinine clearance = ____ glomerular
filtration rate

Answer 10

decreased

Question 11

formula for excretion

Answer 11

Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

Question 12

Normal water intake

Answer 12

4-6%

Question 13

normal urine frequency

Answer 13

7-11x/day

Question 14

normal urine color and consistency

Answer 14

yellow brown;
semi-viscous;
opaque

Question 15

normal urine pH

Answer 15

7.8-8.5

Question 16

normal urine volume

Answer 16

1-3% of BW/day

Question 17

racehorses can consume __ liters of water

Answer 17

50

Question 18

Telltale sign of issues with urinary system

Answer 18

urine scalding or staining

Question 19

stretching that alleviates pain more caudally in the abdomen

Answer 19

Caudal abdominal area stretching

Question 20

Most common and most important sign to be noted (urinary problem)

Answer 20

Polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD)

Question 21

2 blood tests for examination of urinary system

Answer 21

1. hematology
2. serum biochemistry

Question 22

most common imaging

Answer 22

ultrasonography

Question 23

results of physical examination in acute renal failure

Answer 23

enlarged and pain only observed

Question 24

results of physical examination in chronic renal failure

Answer 24

firmness, shrinkage and surface irregularity

Question 25

indication for biopsy

Answer 25

cysts, tumors

Question 26

location of left kidney (for ultrasound)

Answer 26

Between 15th - 17th intercostal space (deep to spleen);

Question 27

location of right kidney (for ultrasound)

Answer 27

Between 15th - 17th intercostal space (dorsal and superficial); near tuber coxae

Question 28

most common way of collecting urine

Answer 28

free catch method

Question 29

shape of kidney in cross-section

Answer 29

heart-shaped

Question 30

what type of kidney disease: - marked PUPD - Edema; hypoNA, hypoCL - elevated creatinine

Answer 30

Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 31

what type of kidney disease: - spike in kidney values - severe impairment of filtration - complete anuria - Proteinuria ++, low SG, hematuria - very high creatinine

Answer 31

Acute Kidney Disease

Question 32

elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products, creatinine in the blood (Crea: 1.7 mg/dL or higher), and other secondary waste products within the body.

Answer 32

Azotemia

Question 33

3 causes of Acute Kidney Disease / ARF in order of frequency (hint: N.O.H)

Answer 33

1. Nephrotoxic substances 2. Obstructive 3. Hemodynamic (rare)

Question 34

common toxins in horses

Answer 34

NSAID excess/overdose

Question 35

antibiotic that is most risky when used orally in horses – can cause acute kidney disease

Answer 35

Aminoglycosides

Question 36

preferred dietary adjustment as tx for CKD

Answer 36

Less protein, more carbs, more fat racehorses: High calorie count

Question 37

most commonly reported strains of Leptospira

Answer 37

pomona & and icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo (serovars)

Question 38

3 IH of Leptospira

Answer 38

rats, mice, birds

Question 39

CS: Birth of unthrifty foals w/limited life expectancy What disease?

Answer 39

Leptospirosis

Question 40

Telltale sign of Leptospirosis

Answer 40

Uveitis

Question 41

Antibiotics used as tx for Leptospirosis (hint: P.E.C.D)

Answer 41

Penicillins, Enrofloxacin, Cephalosporins, Doxycyclines

Question 42

Cases of abscessation can be observed in injection sites of what drug?

Answer 42

enrofloxacin

Question 43

an intense microbial drug

Answer 43

enrofloxacin

Question 44

various inflammatory cytokines are produced at a much higher rate than normal

Answer 44

Cytokine storm