Il Risorgimento Flashcards
(22 cards)
Who were the Carbonari?
- A secret society of rebels created in the early 19th century
- They wanted equality, and to unify Italy
- They mainly operated in central or south Italy.
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
- Born in Genova in 1805
- Studied to be a lawyer
- Joined the Carbonari in 1827
- Founded Young Italy in 1831
- Romantic Nationalist
- Criticised new Italian State after 1870
What was Young Italy?
- Founded by Mazzini in 1831
- Italy should be a united nation with a republican government
- Mainly supported by the middle class
- Their motto was ‘thought and action’
What were the three main ideas for Italy?
- A confederation of Italian states under the Pope (Gioberti)
- A democratic republic (Mazzini)
- A confederation of seperate Italian states led by Piedmont (Balbo)
When was the first war of Italian Independence?
1848-9
What happened during the first war of Italian independence?
Uprisings broke out across Europe, including Italy
In Rome, Pope Pius IX was forced to flee to Gaeta
During his absence, a Roman republic was proclaimed in 1849 by Mazzini, Garibaldi, etc.
French troops restored the Pope
Garibaldi says ‘Wherever we ay be, there will be Rome’
What were some obstacles to the Italian unification?
- Austrian/Burbon control
- Lack of unity
- Military weakness
- Lack of foreign support
Who was Vittorio Emanuelle II?
King of Piedmont-Sardinia from 1849 - 1861
Born in 1820
King of Italy form 1861 - 1878
Who was the Count Cavour?
1811 - 1860
Considered by 19th century historians as the maker of Italy
His goal - to add to the territory of Piedmont, not actually to unite Italy
He did not support Garibaldi
What were Cavour’s reform policies (domestic)?
- Military re-organisation
- Free trade
- Increasing power of the church
- Railway expansion (800km of track by 1860)
When was the Italian National Society formed?
FOunded in Piedmont in 1857, which helped to gain middle class support for the unifictaion
What were Cavour’s reform policies (foreign)?
He wanted to expand Piedmont and remove Austrian influence
He needed help from Britain or France
1854 - 1856: Piedmont fights with Britain and France with 20,000 soliders
Who was Napoleon III ?
Assasination attempt by Italian nationalists in 1858
Ex-Carbonari
When did Napoleon III and Cavour meet?
They secretly met at Plombières on July 21st 1858
They agreed that France would support Italian unification by Piedmont
In return, he would give the Duchy of Savoy to France along with the Italian speaking county of Nice
Second War of Italian Independence - 1859
- Piedmont provokes war with Austria
- Napoleon III supports Piedmont
- Battle of Magenta and Solferino (June 1859) won by France and Piedmont
- Battle of Solferino leads to creation of Red Cross and Geneva Convention
Armistice of Villafranca
- Napoleon III didn’t want to upset other European powers
- Armistice between France and Austria agreed on 11th July 1859
- Lombardy was given to Piedmont, but Venetia left to Austria
- Cavour was angry and resigned as PM in protest
United Provinces of Italy
Cretaed in 1859 from Duchies of Tuscany, Parma, Modena and Reggio
Piedmontese troops occupy with French and British approval
Spring 1860 - vote to unite with Piedmont
Treaty of Turin (24th March 1860) - Piedmont gives Nice and Savoy to France
Garibaldi is mad - Nice is his home
Expedition of the 1000
May 1860
- 1089 volunteers from the North who wore red shirts
- They leave Genoa on 5th May 1860
- Land in Marsala on May 11th 1860
They were defenedd by British ships
- Sicilians were revolting and joined Garibaldi
- Wins Battle of Calatafimi 15 May 1860 G Baldi
- Occupied Palermo on 21 June then conquered all of SicilyIn
Invasion of Southern Italy
Cavour wrote to GAribaldi to stop, GAribaldi disobeyed and landed in Calabria with 3700 men
Garibaldi easily moved towards Naples
7th September 1860 - enters Naples and is reieved enthusiastically
Cavour’s invasion of Papal states
September 11 - with French Consent, Piedmontese troops enter Papal states
Cavour knew GAribaldi aimed to attack Rome (despite act to gain initiative)
By September 20th, Umbria and Marche were under Piedmontese control
GAribaldi realises he cannot control revolutionary impulses
VEII + GBaldi meet in Teono
7 Novemeber - the 2 men enter NAples together
WHen was the Kingdom of Italy proclaimed? (important)
17 MArch 1861
