İlter Ergürbüz

Question 1

Reproduction

Answer 1

the process by which an animal or plant gives rise to another of its kind

Question 2

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 2

the time during which one or more offspring develops not in uterus

Question 3

Gestation

Answer 3

the time from fertilization to birth.

Question 4

Pregnancy duration

Answer 4

In humans : it is 266 days however it is called as 280 days. (37-42) weeks
Duration of pregnancy is 40weeks in human

Question 5

pregnancy starts from first day of the last menstruation (it is before pregnancy)

Answer 5

True

Question 6

In ovarium folicles are stimulated (app 14 days)

Answer 6

FSH

Question 7

Dominant follicule ovulates

Answer 7

FSH

Question 8

Ovarium Estradiol synthesis pathway differs

Answer 8

Progesteron

Question 9

Estradiol proliferates the cells; and progesteron embosses the endometrium ready for implantation.

Question 10

menstruation

Answer 10

If fertilisation does not occur: estradiol and progesterone levels drops and inner lining of endometrium and blood is discharged

Question 11

If fertilisation occurs:

Answer 11

chorion cells secretes hCG (similar to LH) and ovaries continue to secrete progesterone (than placanta secretes progesterone itself: free from ovaries)

Question 12

Zygote history

Answer 12

At first profilates then become morula then blastocyte which reaches uterine cavity first freely then implantation

Question 13

embryo

Answer 13

first 8 weeks

Question 14

fetus

Answer 14

After embryo till birth

Question 15

infant

Answer 15

After birth the newborn is called as infant.

Question 16

puerperal woman.

Answer 16

six weeks after childbirth

Question 17

EMBRYO STAGE
(2- 8th week of gestation= 0-6 weeks after fertilisation )

Answer 17

Morula-> Blastocyte -> Gastrula

Question 18

FETAL STAGE
( 8+ weeks of gestation= 6+ weeks after fertilisation )

Answer 18

• Almost all organs in future are present
Head body arms and legs can be Neural tube is present • Circulation started • Digestive tube present • Sex organs differ by 14-16 weeks.

Question 19

Simple formula for length of fetus by gestational age:

Answer 19

8-20 weeks: square of (weeks/4)
20+ weeks : 5 x week/4

Question 20

FETAL ORGANS & FUNCTION
EAR: HEARING

Answer 20

It is accepted that fetus can hear by 17th week

Question 21

FETAL ORGANS & FUNCTION
EYE : SEEING.

Answer 21

It is known that newborns, including those born at very early weeks of gestation, notice light.

Question 22

FETAL ORGANS & FUNCTION
ARMS %LEGS : MOVING.

Answer 22

The fetus can move extremities even by 9th weeks gestation.

Question 23

FETAL ORGANS & FUNCTION
STOMACH INTESTINE : EATING DRINKING

Answer 23

Fetus can drink amniotic fluid :the water is absorbed and no liquid or solid is extracted as defecation in normal conditions.

Question 24

FETAL ORGANS & FUNCTION
KIDNEYS

Answer 24

Urine formation starts by 12weeks gestation. And urine is exreacted to and exracted to amniotic fluid with micturition

Question 25

FETAL ORGANS & FUNCTION ENDOCRINE

Answer 25

Fetal: Almost all hormones are secreted

Question 26

Maternal changes

Answer 26

Uterus:By 12 weeks gestation uterurisess above the pubis About 20th week uterus will be palpated on woman’s umblicus. 36th weeks it reaches costa level CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM;Heart:Heart moves left and up/Blood volume: Increases(maxiumum level about 30weeks gestation)(Plasma volume increases about 50% and cellular component about 25% )/Stroke volume: Increases by week up to40% and reach the maximum level about 24weeks gestation. This week is the most important time for pregnants with caridac problems. URINARY SYSTEM:Kidneys become longer up to 1-1,5cm. Ureters become dilated , longer and curled. The main reason is lowered renal vascular resistance caused by progesterone and relaxine. An additional reason is increased cardiac stroke volume. Creatinine production in muscles does not change; so changes in urinary function results lower plasma creatinine levels. as the uterus enlarges: the bladder is displaced upwards and flattens in the anterior posterior plane. first weeks->hormones/late weeks:just anatomic Gastroesophagial reflux is observed in 30-80% pregnant women. The main reason is dilated low esophagial sphincter. Liver functions and morphology does not change in pregnancy. Laboratory results change. Albumin is more lowered than globulins. Gall bladder is often dilated and atonic in pregnancy. This results bile stasis and increased risk for gallstones. Platelet count decreases

Question 27

Changes in pregnancy does not lower respiratory functions. In pregnancy abdominal muscles have lower tonus and activity: diaphragmatic respiration is essential.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Deficiency causes neural tube defect

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Not only but especially important in obs &gyn The woman’s side

Answer 29

1-SHAME; SHARING PRIVACY 2-EXCITEMENT, CURIOSITY, FEAR 3-HAPPINESS, DESIRE SINCERE RESPECTFUL RELIABLE TRUSTWORTHY

Question 30

Self history; enfectious, systemic and metabolic diseases must be questioned and reported. Same as self the relatives’ health problems which have potential risk for the patient must be questioned and reported.

Question 31

The lab results of the patient is important: (including USG) but not more than what they have said and systemic examination. All are part of a whole.

Question 32

BIRTH

Answer 32

the emergence of a baby or other young from the body of its mother; the start of life as a physically separate being For human After 20-24weeks of gestation and/or 500gr or more fetus this seperation is named as birth

Question 33

The criteria differing birth from abortion is:

Answer 33

viable fetus free from mother and border changes by improvement of medical facilities.

Question 34

Delivery

Answer 34

the process of giving birth.

Question 35

Parturition

Answer 35

the action of giving birth to young; childbirth.

Question 36

Labour

Answer 36

work, especially physical work. Labour is a series of continuous, progressive contractions of the uterus that help the cervix dilate and efface (thin out). This lets the fetus move through the birth canal. Labor usually starts two weeks before or after the estimated date of deliver

Question 37

Stages of labour

Answer 37

The first stage of labour is the opening and thinning of uterine cervix enough for the fetus to pass through The second stage begins with complete cervical dilatation end with delivery of the baby. The third stage is separation and expılsion of the placenta. The fourth stage (not all accepted) is the first two hours after birth.

Question 38

Deliver the mother and the baby; (safely and healthy)

Answer 38

blood pressure ,Heart sounds of the fetus,Abdominal and pelvik examinaton,Follow up during labour and after birth,Enema,Urine analysis for checking proteinuria ,tests for anesthesia Fetal Heart Rate must be monitored/Monitoring FHR simultaneously with uterine contraction can detect possible hypoxia.(CST: Contraction StressTest) Monitoring FHR simultaneously with uterine contraction can detect possible hypoxia.(CST: Contraction StressTest)/

Question 39

Operative Delivery

Answer 39

Forceps /Vacum Extraction /Cesarean Section

Question 40

Forceps

Answer 40

High forceps: (Fetal head over spins) definitely not recommended Mid forceps (Fetal head at spin level) experienced user can use for rotation of fetal head Low forceps applied to prevent (prolonged) hypoxia High forceps: (Fetal head over spins) definitely not recommended Mid forceps (Fetal head at spin level) experienced user can use for rotation of fetal head Low forceps applied to prevent (prolonged) hypoxia

Question 41

Vacum Extraction

Answer 41

It is important to be sure that it is not applied to the fontanel(s)