IM

Question 1

a systematized body of knowledge based on factual evidence comes from the Latin word scientia meaning “to know”

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

study of microorganisms

Answer 2

Microbiology

Question 3

are organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

Answer 3

Microorganisms (mo’s)

Question 4

Microbiology revolves around 2 interconnected themes:

Answer 4

(1) understanding the living world of microscopic organisms; and
(2) applying our understanding of microbial life processes for the benefit of humankind and planet Earth

Question 5

is defined as the study of how microbial cell’s structures, growth and metabolism function in living organisms. It includes the study of bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites.

Answer 5

Microbial physiology

Question 6

is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. Also, studies microorganisms for different purposes using the organisms’ whole genome or some specific genes.

Answer 6

Microbial genetics

Question 7

comprises of biochemical reactions in microbial growth, various modes and mechanisms of pathogenesis required in causing infection/ diseases within the host. It focuses on the study of microbial growth, microbial cell structure, microbial metabolism, advanced functions as well as interactions of biological macromolecules like proteins, fatty acids and nucleic acids which are the fundamental aspect and basis of functions sustaining life.

Answer 7

Microbial biochemistry

Question 8

Studies natural
phenomena

Answer 8

Natural Science

Question 9

Social life and relations
between human beings

Answer 9

Social Science

Question 10

study of inorganic
phenomena

Answer 10

Physical Science

Question 11

study of organic or living
phenomena

Answer 11

Biological Science

Question 12

Basic Science

Answer 12

Cytology
Histology
Anatomy
Morphology
Physiology

Question 13

Taxonomic Science

Answer 13

Botany
Bacteriology
Mycology
Virology
Zoology

Question 14

Applied Biology

Answer 14

Medicine
Nursing
Dentistry
Veterinary Med
Horticulture

Question 15

‒Microbiology uses and develops tools
for probing the fundamental
processes of life
‒ Model organisms/systems

Answer 15

As a basic biological science

Question 16

‒microbiology is at the center of many
important aspects of human and
veterinary medicine, agriculture, and
industry.
✓soil fertility and domestic animal welfare
✓production of antibiotics and human
proteins

Answer 16

As an applied biological science

Question 17

•Smallest forms of life but constitute bulk of
biomass of earth.

Answer 17

Microorganisms

Question 18

• Carry out many necessary chemical reactions
for higher organisms

Answer 18

Microorganisms

Question 19

•Evolution of oxygen

Answer 19

Microorganisms

Question 20

• Proposed the theory of
spontaneous generation
• Also called abiogenesis
• Idea that living things can arise
from nonliving matter
• Idea lasted almost 2000 years

Answer 20

Aristotle (384 –322 BC)

Question 21

• For centuries, people based their beliefs on their
interpretations of what they saw going on in the world
around them without testing their ideas
• They didn’t use the scientific method to arrive at
answers to their questions
• Their conclusions were based on untested
observations

Answer 21

Spontaneous Generation

Question 22

Observation: Every year in the spring, the Nile River flooded
areas of Egypt along the river, leaving behind nutrient-rich mud
that enabled the people to grow that year ’ s crop of food.
However, along with the muddy soil, large numbers of frogs
appeared that weren’t around in drier times.

Answer 22

• Conclusion: It was perfectly
obvious to people back then
that muddy soil gave rise to
the frogs

Question 23

Observation: In many parts of Europe, medieval farmers stored
grain in barns with thatched roofs (like Shakespeare’s house).
As a roof aged, it was not uncommon for it to start leaking. This
could lead to spoiled or moldy grain, and of course, there were
lots of mice around.

Answer 23

Conclusion: It was
obvious to them that the
mice came from the
moldy grain.

Question 24

Observation: In the cities centuries ago, there were no
sewers, no garbage trucks, no electricity, and no refrigeration.
Sewage flowed down the streets, and chamber pots and left
over food were thrown out into the streets each morning. Many
cities also had major rat problems and a disease called
Bubonic plague.

Answer 24

Conclusion: Obviously, all the
sewage and garbage turned
into the rats.

Question 25

Observation: Since there were no refrigerators, the mandatory, daily trip to the butcher shop, especially in summer, meant battling the flies around the carcasses. Typically, carcasses were “ hung by their heels, ” and customers selected which chunk the butcher would carve off for them.

Answer 25

Conclusion: Obviously, the rotting meat that had been hanging in the sun all day was the source of the flies

Question 26

• Recipe for bees: ➢Kill a young bull, and bury it in an upright position so that its horns protrude from the ground. After a month, a swarm of bees will fly out of the corpse.

Answer 26

Abiogenesis Recipes

Question 27

• Recipe for mice: ➢Place a dirty shirt or some rags in an open pot or barrel containing a few grains of wheat or some wheat bran, and in 21 days, mice will appear. There will be adult males and females present, and they will be capable of mating and reproducing more mice.

Answer 27

Abiogenesis Recipes

Question 28

• In 1668, _________, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat

Answer 28

Francesco Redi (1668)

Question 29

• Redi used open & closed jars which contained meat. • His hypothesis was that rotten meat does not turn into flies. • He observed these jars to see in which one(s) maggots would develop.

Answer 29

Redi’s Experiment

Question 30

• Evidence against spontaneous generation: 1. Unsealed – maggots on meat 2. Sealed – no maggots on meat 3. Gauze – few maggots on gauze, none on meat

Answer 30

Redi’s (1626-1697) Experiments

Question 31

Disproving Spontaneous Generation

Answer 31

Louis Pasteur

Question 32

Disproving Spontaneous Generation of Microbes

Answer 32

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

Question 33

- began making and looking through simple microscopes • He examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single celled protozoa; “animalcules” • By end of 19th century, these organisms were called microbes

Answer 33

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

Question 34

• Showed that microorganisms flourished in various soups that had been exposed to the air • Claimed that there was a “life force” present in the molecules of all inorganic matter, including air and the oxygen in it, that could cause spontaneous generation to occur

Answer 34

John Needham (1745)

Question 35

Chicken Broth

Answer 35

Needham’s Experiment

Question 36

• Needham’s experiments seemed to support the idea of spontaneous generation • People didn’t realize bacteria were already present in Needham’s soups • Needham didn’t boil long enough to kill the microbes

Answer 36

Needham’s Results

Question 37

• Boiled soups for almost an hour and sealed containers by melting the slender necks closed. • The soups remained clear. • Later, he broke the seals & the soups became cloudy with microbes.

Answer 37

Lazzaro Spallanzani’s (1765)

Question 38

Conclusion of Spallanzani’s Results

Answer 38

• Critics said sealed vials did not allow enough air for organisms to survive and that prolonged heating destroyed “life force” • Therefore, spontaneous generation remained the theory of the time

Question 39

the debate had become so heated that the Paris Academy of Sciences offered a prize for any experiments that would help resolve this conflict • The prize was claimed in 1864 by Louis Pasteur, as he published the results of an experiment he did to disprove spontaneous generation in microscopic organisms

Answer 39

By 1860

Question 40

Pasteur's Problem

Answer 40

•Hypothesis: Microbes come from cells of organisms on dust particles in the air; not the air itself. • Pasteur put broth into several special S-shaped flasks (swan-necked flask) • Each flask was boiled and placed at various locations

Question 41

• Pasteur’s S-shaped/swan-necked flask kept microbes out but let air in. • Proved microbes only come from other microbes (life from life) - biogenesis

Answer 41

The Theory of Biogenesis

Question 42

Francisco Redi filled jars with decaying meat.

Answer 42

1668

Question 43

Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in flasks.

Answer 43

1765

Question 44

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

Answer 44

1861

Question 45

Beginnings

Answer 45

• The Universe (maybe) • Primitive Earth—Not paradise as we know it—much different than Earth today

Question 46

How could these simple molecules be made into more complex ones?

Answer 46

Abundant energy sources, lots of time.

Question 47

— a Russian biochemist ➢published ‘The Origin of Life’ in Nov. 1923 ➢‘ life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers’

Answer 47

Alexander Oparin (1938)

Question 48

➢showed organic compounds could be synthesized under primitive conditions • Miller’s atmosphere was not correct • Fumarolic gases (volcanic activity) ‒ CO2, N2, SO2, H2S • UV light was intense • Heat (volcanic activity) • Organic compounds synthesized as well • Organic compounds brought by meteorites • Mineral surfaces as catalyzers

Answer 48

Stanley Miller (1953)

Question 49

➢represent some of the most pristine matter known ➢chemical compositions match the chemistry of the Sun more closely than any other class of chondrites

Answer 49

Carbonaceous chondrites

Question 50

➢"seeds everywhere” ➢states that the "seeds" of life exist all over the Universe and can be propagated through space from one location to another ➢Life brought in on asteroids and comets

Answer 50

Panspermia

Question 51

Abiotic Chemical Evolution

Answer 51

• Synthesis and accumulation • Polymerization • Aggregation • Origin of heredity

Question 52

➢protobiont ➢precursors to the first true cells ➢a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life

Answer 52

Protocells

Question 53

• believed to be the origin of all life on earth

Answer 53

Evolution from the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) -LUCA or progenotes-

Question 54

Cell membranes of Eukarya and Bacteria are similar • Fatty acids linked to glycerol by ester linkages in Eukarya and Bacteria • Archaea do not produce long chain fatty acids (ether-linked isoprenoids) • Chloroplast derived from a Cyanobacterium • Mitochondrion from another Bacterium

Answer 54

Endosymbiotic evolution theory (Lynn Margulis)

Question 55

Percent total of Marine Subsurface

Answer 55

66

Question 56

Percent total of Terrestrial Subsurface

Answer 56

26

Question 57

Percent total of Surface soil

Answer 57

4.8

Question 58

Percent total of Oceans

Answer 58

2.2

Question 59

Percent total of all other habitats

Answer 59

1.0