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1
Q

First line of defense

A

Physical and chemical barriers including skin, rapid pH change through the gastrointestinal tract, cilia in respiratory tract, normal flora, flushing of urinary tract.

Example sentence: The skin acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.

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2
Q

Innate immune system

A

Generic, non-specific, second line of defense.

Additional information: It provides immediate protection against pathogens.

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3
Q

Acquired immune system

A

Specific, third line of defense.

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4
Q

Types of pathogens

A

Bacteria (intracellular and extracellular), Fungi (intracellular and extracellular), Viruses (strictly intracellular), Parasites (protozoans are intra- and extracellular; helminths are strictly extracellular).

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5
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte that phagocytoses bacterial antigens; recruited by IL-8.

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6
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocyte that defends against parasites.

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7
Q

Basophils

A

Granulocyte involved in allergies; binds IgE antibodies and releases histamine.

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8
Q

Macrophage

A

Agranulocyte that phagocytoses antigens and can serve as antigen-presenting cells.

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9
Q

B cells

A

Agranulocyte responsible for humoral, antibody-mediated immunity.

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10
Q

T cells

A

Agranulocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

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11
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Interact with antigen-IgG complexes to release perforin and destroy target cells.

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12
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of eating and destroying pathogens.

Example sentence: Phagocytosis is an essential function of the immune system.

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13
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A

Pathogen binds to receptor on immune system cell, ingested to form phagosome, fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome, enzymes destroy pathogen.

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14
Q

Primary organs of the immune system

A

Formation of immune cells; not involved in immune response, includes bone marrow and thymus.

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15
Q

Bone marrow

A

All blood cells are formed here; pluripotent stem cells differentiate into progenitors of all blood cell types.

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16
Q

Thymus

A

Site of T cell maturation and positive/negative selection to prevent autoimmunity.

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17
Q

Secondary organs of the immune system

A

Sites of immune response, including lymph organs and spleen.

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18
Q

Characteristics of innate immune response

A

Rapid, short, non-specific.

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19
Q

Characteristics of acquired immune response

A

Delayed, specific, forms memory immune cells.

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20
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Receptors on phagocytes that recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

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21
Q

Opsonization

A

Activation of both innate and acquired immune system cells and the complement system; antibodies and C3b bind to the pathogen.

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22
Q

Classes of cytokines

A

Pro-inflammatory (induce inflammation), Anti-inflammatory (reduce inflammation), Chemokines (recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages), Adhesion molecules (permit migration of immune cells).

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23
Q

Humoral immune response

A

Carried out by B lymphocytes, relies on production and binding of antibodies.

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24
Q

Cell-mediated immune response

A

Carried out by T lymphocytes, relies on activation of other immune cells by CD4 T cells and elimination of infected self cells by CD8 T cells.

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25
B-cell receptor (BCR)
Receptor on naïve B cells that recognizes and binds to antigens, allowing for clonal expansion and differentiation.
26
Antibody structure
Y-shaped structure with Fc region (stem) binding to immune cells and Fab region (arms) that are variable and specific to an antigen.
27
Antibody isotypes
IgM (first antibody, pentamer), IgG (second antibody, crosses placenta), IgA (found in bodily fluids, dimer), IgD (cell-surface receptor, function unknown), IgE (involved in allergies).
28
Antibody functions
Enhance phagocytosis, neutralize viruses and toxins, activate complement system, and mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity.
29
Complement system
Approximately 35 types of proteins responsible for opsonizing and lysing pathogens, with chemotaxis factors to recruit immune cells.
30
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Cells that present antigens to B and T lymphocytes, including professional APCs (macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes) and atypical APCs (infected cells).
31
MHC Class I
Binds CD8 T cells, activates cytotoxic response.
32
MHC Class II
Binds CD4 T cells, activates helper T cells.
33
T cell activation
Occurs via T cell receptor and CD28 binding.
34
Cytotoxic T cells
Eliminate infected cells via perforins and Fas ligand.
35
Th1 helper T cells
Involved in phagocytosis and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis.
36
Th2 helper T cells
Support phagocytosis and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity.
37
Th17 helper T cells
Primarily involved in phagocytosis.
38
Inflammatory mediators
Substances that promote inflammation and immune response.
39
Soluble mediators
Cytokines that facilitate immune signaling.
40
Prostaglandins
Newly-synthesized mediators from arachidonic acid.
41
Thromboxane A2
Causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.
42
Leukotrienes
Mediators involved in inflammation and bronchial contraction.
43
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
Mediates platelet aggregation and vasodilation.
44
Kinins
Promote vascular relaxation and pain stimulation.
45
Histamine
Stored in mast cells, involved in allergic reactions.
46
Cytokines
Soluble proteins that regulate immune responses.
47
Hypersensitivity
Exaggerated immune response harming the host.
48
Type I hypersensitivity
Immediate allergic reactions mediated by IgE.
49
Type II hypersensitivity
Antibodies targeting cell-surface or extracellular matrix antigens.
50
Leukotrienes
Mediators involved in inflammation and bronchial contraction. ## Footnote Example sentence: Leukotrienes play a role in the inflammatory response.
51
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
Mediates platelet aggregation and vasodilation. ## Footnote Example sentence: PAF is released during allergic reactions.
52
Kinins
Promote vascular relaxation and pain stimulation. ## Footnote Example sentence: Kinins are involved in the sensation of pain.
53
Histamine
Stored in mast cells, involved in allergic reactions. ## Footnote Example sentence: Histamine causes the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
54
Cytokines
Soluble proteins that regulate immune responses. ## Footnote Example sentence: Cytokines coordinate the immune system's response to infection.
55
Hypersensitivity
Exaggerated immune response harming the host. ## Footnote Example sentence: Hypersensitivity reactions can be life-threatening.
56
Type I hypersensitivity
Immediate allergic reactions mediated by IgE. ## Footnote Example sentence: Type I hypersensitivity can lead to anaphylaxis.
57
Type II hypersensitivity
Antibody binding leads to cell lysis or activation. ## Footnote Example sentence: Type II hypersensitivity is involved in autoimmune diseases.
58
Type III hypersensitivity
Immune complex deposition causes inflammation. ## Footnote Example sentence: Type III hypersensitivity can lead to tissue damage.
59
Type IV hypersensitivity
Cell-mediated response involving T cells. ## Footnote Example sentence: Type IV hypersensitivity is delayed and involves T cell activation.
60
Organ transplant rejection
Caused by Type II and Type IV hypersensitivity. ## Footnote Example sentence: Organ transplant rejection occurs due to immune responses against the graft.
61
Primary immunodeficiency
Genetic disorders affecting immune function. ## Footnote Example sentence: Primary immunodeficiency disorders are present from birth.
62
Secondary immunodeficiency
Acquired conditions like AIDS affecting immunity. ## Footnote Example sentence: Secondary immunodeficiency can result from infections or medications.
63
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID)
Lack of functional B and T lymphocytes. ## Footnote Example sentence: SCID patients are highly susceptible to infections.
64
Biochemical defects in SCID
Mutations affecting cytokine signaling and T cell development. ## Footnote Example sentence: Biochemical defects in SCID result in impaired immune function.
65
Humoral immunodeficiencies
Deficiencies in antibody production. ## Footnote Example sentence: Humoral immunodeficiencies lead to recurrent infections.
66
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Genetic disorder causing absent B cells. ## Footnote Example sentence: X-linked agammaglobulinemia is more common in males.
67
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disease
Disorder leading to low antibody levels. ## Footnote Example sentence: Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disease results in increased susceptibility to infections.
68
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Defect in NADPH oxidase impairs microbe killing. ## Footnote Example sentence: Chronic Granulomatous Disease leads to recurrent fungal infections.
69
AIDS
HIV infection destroys CD4 T cells. ## Footnote Example sentence: AIDS is characterized by a weakened immune system.
70
HIV antigen mutation
Rapid changes prevent effective humoral response. ## Footnote Example sentence: HIV antigen mutations can evade the immune system.
71
HIV drug resistance
Rapid mutations lead to treatment failure. ## Footnote Example sentence: HIV drug resistance is a major challenge in antiretroviral therapy.
72
Secondary immunodeficiency disorder
Caused by immunosuppressive and anticancer drugs. ## Footnote Example sentence: Secondary immunodeficiency disorders can result from chemotherapy.
73
Autoimmunity
Failure to distinguish self from non-self cells. ## Footnote Example sentence: Autoimmunity can lead to the immune system attacking healthy tissues.
74
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune disease affecting multiple organ systems. ## Footnote Example sentence: Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by a wide range of symptoms.
75
Rheumatoid arthritis
Immune attack on synovial membrane in joints. ## Footnote Example sentence: Rheumatoid arthritis can cause joint deformities.
76
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. ## Footnote Example sentence: Type 1 diabetes mellitus requires lifelong insulin therapy.
77
Myasthenia gravis
Auto-antibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors. ## Footnote Example sentence: Myasthenia gravis leads to muscle weakness.
78
Hemostasis
Process of forming a blood clot. ## Footnote Example sentence: Hemostasis prevents excessive bleeding after injury.
79
Vasoconstriction
Blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss. ## Footnote Example sentence: Vasoconstriction helps maintain blood pressure.
80
Platelet activation
Triggered by von Willebrand factor and PAF. ## Footnote Example sentence: Platelet activation is essential for blood clot formation.
81
Granulation
Connective tissue forming over a healing wound. ## Footnote Example sentence: Granulation tissue fills the wound during the healing process.
82
Scar
Fibrous tissue replacing normal skin post-injury. ## Footnote Example sentence: Scar formation is part of the skin's repair mechanism.
83
Fibrosis
Scarring in internal tissues or organs. ## Footnote Example sentence: Fibrosis can lead to organ dysfunction.
84
Disease
Disturbance of structure or function in the body. ## Footnote Example sentence: Disease can have a wide range of symptoms.
85
Etiology
Study of the causes of diseases. ## Footnote Example sentence: Etiology investigates the origins of illnesses.
86
Pathology
Study of structural and functional disturbances. ## Footnote Example sentence: Pathology examines changes in tissues due to disease.
87
Physiology
Study of functions of body parts. ## Footnote Example sentence: Physiology focuses on how the body works.
88
Pathophysiology
Explains physiological changes due to disease. ## Footnote Example sentence: Pathophysiology links abnormal function to specific diseases.
89
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events leading to disease. ## Footnote Example sentence: Pathogenesis describes the development of a disease.
90
Tissue
Groups of cells performing specific functions. ## Footnote Example sentence: Tissues combine to form organs with specialized functions.
91
Epithelial tissue
Protective tissue lining organs and skin. ## Footnote Example sentence: Epithelial tissue acts as a barrier against pathogens.
92
Connective tissue
Supports body structures with various fibers. ## Footnote Example sentence: Connective tissue provides structural support for organs.
93
Muscle tissue
Facilitates movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, smooth. ## Footnote Example sentence: Muscle tissue enables body movements.
94
Nervous tissue
Responsible for communication and signaling. ## Footnote Example sentence: Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals in the body.
95
Diffusion
Movement of molecules across a cell membrane. ## Footnote Example sentence: Diffusion allows oxygen to enter cells and carbon dioxide to exit.
96
Osmosis
Water movement across a semipermeable membrane. ## Footnote Example sentence: Osmosis helps maintain water balance in cells.
97
Endocytosis
Process of taking materials into a cell. ## Footnote Example sentence: Endocytosis is used to internalize nutrients into cells.
98
Exocytosis
Process of moving materials out of a cell. ## Footnote Example sentence: Exocytosis releases neurotransmitters from nerve cells.
99
Atrophy
Degeneration or shrinkage of cells. ## Footnote Example sentence: Muscle atrophy can result from lack of use.
100
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size. ## Footnote Example sentence: Cardiac hypertrophy can be a response to high blood pressure.
101
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number. ## Footnote Example sentence: Hyperplasia can occur in response to tissue damage.
102
Metaplasia
Change in cell type. ## Footnote Example sentence: Metaplasia can be a precursor to cancer.
103
Dysplasia
Abnormal cell size, shape, and appearance. ## Footnote Example sentence: Dysplasia is a common feature of pre-cancerous lesions.
104
Apoptosis
Controlled, programmed cell death. ## Footnote Example sentence: Apoptosis plays a crucial role in tissue development and maintenance.
105
Necrosis
Uncontrolled cell death due to injury. ## Footnote Example sentence: Necrosis results from severe cellular damage.

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