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1
Q

“Information systems (IS) 1.

A

the study of complementary networks of hardware
and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create,
and distribute data

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2
Q

Information systems 2.

A

are interrelated components working together to collect,
process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making,
coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization

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3
Q

Information systems Piccoli

A

Formal, Sociotechnical, Organizational systems desigend to collect process, store and distribute information

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4
Q

Components of Information System (Piccoli)

A

THE SOCIAL/TECHNICAL system model

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5
Q

Information Technology

A

Defined as hardware,
software, and
telecommunication
equipment

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6
Q

What does IT do?

A

IT is a cornerstone of
any modern IS

IT enables and
constrains action
through rules of
operation that stem
from its design

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7
Q

Proces

A

Defined here as the series of steps
necessary to complete a business
activity

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8
Q

What is the root cause of IS failure?

A

The way processes are enacted (bepaald) by people

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9
Q

Which 3 kind of people are involved in a IS?

A

End users, managers, IT professionals

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10
Q

Name 2 defenitions of Structure?

A

The organizational design (hierarchy, decentralized); reporting
(functional, divisional, matrix); and relationships (communication and
reward mechanisms) within the information system

The implicit or explicit rules that govern relationships between the
people involved in the information system

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11
Q

What are the tree levels of Organizational Change?

A
  • First-Order: Automate
  • Second-Order: Informate
  • Third-Order: Transform
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12
Q

Wat is/does the Language/Action Perspective (LAP)? (4)

A

. Focuses on what people do when communicating
* Does not start with technology, but with people communicating
* Information System of an organization can be defined as the structure by
means of which people communicate
* Communication is not primarily transfer of data
(or information), but developing a relationship

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13
Q

Performa

A

Exposing and evoking commitment, ontological action

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14
Q

Informa

A

Expressing and educing thought, infological action

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15
Q

Forma

A

Uttering and perceiving information, datalogical action

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16
Q

Rick Maes the IM cube

A

Zie het model

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17
Q

Digital transformation

A

Use of new digital technologies, such as social
media, mobile, analytics or embedded devices, in order to enable major
business improvements like enhancing customer experience,
streamlining operations or creating new business models.

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18
Q

Chief Information Officer (CIO)

A

The individual in charge of
the information systems function.

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19
Q

Chief Digital Officer (CDO)

A

The individual in charge of
digital transformation and digital innovation in established
organizations, he or she is the “transformer in chief.”

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20
Q

Chief Data Officer (CDO):

A

The individual who oversees all
aspects of data use in an organization, from collection to
compliance to value extraction.

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21
Q

Chief Information Security Officer (CISO):

A

The individual in
charge of digital risk management and cybersecurity

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22
Q

Moore’s law

A

is the observation
that the number of transistors (electronische schakelaar) in
a dense integrated circuit
doubles every
two years

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23
Q

Binary system

A

1101 = 13

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24
Q

(parity bit)

A

Error-detection

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25
Digitalization (Gartner)
the use of digital technologies to change a business model and provide new revenue and value-producing opportunities;
26
Digitalization (T&L)
sociotechnical process of applying digitizing techniques to broader social and institutional contexts that render digital technologies infrastructural
27
Digitization
the process of converting analog signals into a digital form, and ultimately into binary digits (bits)
28
Claud computing types:
. Software as a Service - for end users * Platform as a Service – for developers * Infrastructure as a Service – for the IT manager
29
Advantages of Cloud Computing (Normal)
- No software to instal - Available from any computer with internet - Can scale to a large number of users easily - New apps van be up and running on an as-needed basis - Your info is not lost when laptop crashes/gets stolen - You r not limited by your computer memory
30
Advantages of Cloud Computing (Economic)
- Lower entry barriers (Cap-ex/Op-ex) - Scalability - Innovation
31
CI/CD
Continuous Integration/Continuous Development, Continuous Deployment
32
Domains
Sets (unordered), e.g., set of strings, numbers, or set {M,F}
33
Table (relations)
Consisting of a series of row/column intersections * Formally, a table is a subset of a Cartesian Product A x B .. x C of domains, e.g. {,,..} * Related to each other through sharing a common entity characteristic
34
Relational diagram
Representation of relational database’s entities, attributes within those entities, and relationships between those entities
35
SQL is?
Data definition language or Data manipulation language
36
Data Normalisation
A methodology for organizing attributes into tables so that redundancy among the nonkey attributes is eliminated
37
Data
Raw facts; building blocks of information * Unprocessed information
38
Information
Data processed to reveal meaning for a user
39
What is a database:
shared, integrated computer structure that stores: * End user data (raw facts) * Metadata (data about data)
40
DBMS (database management system)
Collection of programs that manages database structure and controls access to databases * Possible to share data among multiple applications or users * Promotes integrated view of organization’s operations * Makes data management more efficient and effective
41
Types of Databases
Transactional (or production) Data warehouse:
42
Advantages DBMS
* Reduce programming/software maintenance efforts: move data processing operations out of the programs; only in DBMS * DBMS facilitates abstraction (from how to what) * DBMS enables integration
43
In what results data redundancy?
data inconsistency
44
Candidate key
a set of attributes that identifies a record uniquely
45
Primary key
the selected candidate key
46
Foreign key
attribute(s) in table B whose values are primary key in another table A
47
What is the difference between first, second and thirt normal form
In de eerste normaalvorm (1NF) zijn alle gegevens atomair en zijn er geen herhalende groepen. De tweede normaalvorm (2NF) elimineert gedeeltelijke afhankelijkheden van de primaire sleutel, terwijl de derde normaalvorm (3NF) ook transitieve afhankelijkheden tussen niet-sleutelkolommen verwijdert.
48
What is a digital platform?
A software foundation on which other software is built
49
Name an example of an digital platform
IoS or Alexia
50
What is a Digital marketplaces?
Communities of buyer and sellers who tract via digital technologies
51
What are the main objectives of a digital marketplace?
. They exercise control over products and services that can be listed by sellers * They function as enables of trust * They facilitate the discovery of products and services by providing resources for sellers to improve the visibility of their products and by taking direct action to curate and organize product listings
52
What are aggregators?
Organizations that manage an integrated platform and a marketplace (e.g., Amazon, Apple). Apple integrates IoS (platform) and iTunes (marketplace).
53
Physical networks
Physical networks: the nodes of the network are connected by physical links * Telephone network * Railroad network
54
Virtual networks
the connections between network nodes are intangible and invisible. The nodes of a virtual network are typically people rather than devices * Instagram network * Skype network * App Store network
55
Positive Feedback
The strong get stronger, the weak get weaker
56
Negative Feedback
The weak get stronger, the strong get weaker
57
Network effect
occurs when a new node (e.g., a new Waze user), while pursuing his or her own economic motives, creates value for all the other members of the network by making the network larger and thus more valuable
58
tippy market
one that is subject to strong positive feedback, such that the market will “tip” in favor of the firm that is able to reach critical mass and dominate it
59
tipping point
It represents the moment in the evolution of a market where one organization or technology reaches critical mass and goes on to dominate it— the point of no return where winners and losers are defined
60
Marketplace (type of network)
two-sided (or multisided) networks where demand and offer meet.
61
Platform (type of network)
two-sided networks with specific members on the two sides: users and developers
62
ARPANet
was developed in 1969, and was the first packet switching network (evolved in internet)
63
HTTP
hyper text transfer protocol
64
Circuit Switching
Requires a dedicated communication path for duration of transmission; wastes bandwidth, but minimizes delays
65
Packet Switching
Specialized message switching, with very little delay
66
IP Services
MAKING PACKAGES ADDRESSING (routing)
67
TCP services
GUARANTEED DELIVERY CORRECT ORDER
68
WFM
The automation of business processes in whole or part
69
BPM
Supporting business processes using methods, techniques and software to design, enact, control and analyze operational processes involving humans, organizations, applications, documents or other sources of information (Vd Aalst)
70
BPMS
A generic software system that is driven by explicit process designs to enact and manage operational business processes
71
BPM goals
. Empowering employees. * Built-in reporting * Enforcing best practices * Enforcing consistency.
72
Petri nets
zie model
73
Proces =
Two major views: * Transformation of inputs to outputs, hierarchical decomposition * Networks and interactions
74
AI
Computational systems that behave rationally
75
What means “behave rationally” for a person/system?
Take the right/ best action to achieve the goals, based on his/its knowledge and belief
76
Heuristics
are rules of thumb to decrease the search space
77
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Approach
Mathematical / computational model that tries to simulate the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks
78
Machine Learning Approach
The rigorous application of probability theory and statistics in AI
79
Why does alignment fail:
Pace of Change Challenges of Having a Seat Communication Gaps Cyclic Nature of Transformation
80
Strategic Alignment Model
Zie model
81
Process
a series of actions taken in order to achieve a particular end
82
Types of processes:
Management Processes Core Processes Supporting Processes
83
Business Application
A computer program or a set of computer programs that users associated to an organization (e.g., employees, customers, suppliers) use to perform different business activities
84
Strategy
a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim
85
Strategies (Porter)
Differentiation and Cost Leadership
86
Business strategy identifies?
what new capabilities are required, which capabilities must be improved, and what capabilities are becoming obsolete
87
IS strategy identifies?
. What new applications are required? * What new features should be added to the current applications? * What applications are becoming obsolete?
88
IT value
refers to the impacts of IT on organizational performance, including
89
Two formulation of organizational performance
efficiency and effectiveness
90
Chargeback system
The management practice of billing business departments for services provided by an in-house information technology center
91
Chargeback system goals
Cost recovery, Profit making
92
Organizations
are (1) social entities that (2) are goal- directed, (3) are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems, and (4) are linked to the external environment.
93
Silos
optimize expertise and training * avoid redundancy in expertise * are easier to benchmark with outside organizations * utilize bodies of knowledge created for each function * make it easier to understand the role of each silo
94
SAP
Standard enterprise systems
95
Enterprise Systems (ES)
represent a specific category of information systems. They build on pre-packaged industry best practices embedded in standardized product software and target large ‐scale integration of data and business processes across all company’s functional areas and beyond company borderlines. Enterprise Systems strongly interplay with work practices of individual employees as well as organizational structures shaping and being shaped by individuals' behavior.
96
IT governance
a collection of roles, rules, and responsibilities that constitutes the processes within the IT-organization to translate the overall corporate strategic goals into a consistent IT-strategy and to develop the respective operative targets
97
Centralized
Brings together all staff, hardware, software, data, and processing into a single location
98
Federalism
A combination of centralized and decentralized structures
99
Decentralized
The components (e.g. staff, hardware, etc.) are scattered in different locations to address local business needs
100
Decision-Making Mechanisms
Policies Review board IT steering committee IT Governance Council
101
project
a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. The temporary nature of projects indicates that a project has a definite beginning and end
102
Project management
the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.
103
The Triple Constraint of Project Management
Sope, Cost, Time -> quality (zie model)
104
Project lifecycle
1. starting the project 2. organizing and preparing 3. Carrying out the work 4. closing the project
105
Gantt Charts
Visualize a project
106
PERT
The program evaluation and review technique (PERT) is an event-based network technique used to analyze tasks of a project plan
107
A Project’s Critical Path
A critical path generally is the sequence of scheduled activities that determines the duration of the project. It is the longest path through the project
108
The Route to Adoption
1. Initiation 2. Organizational Adoption Decision 3. Individual Adoption Decision
109
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) follows a behavioral belief-based explanation approach for use
110

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