IM 2

Question 1

innate - inflamation

Answer 1

local response to tissue damage
source: pathogen, brasion, chemical irritant, cell distortion, extremetemp
similar response no matter the source

Redness, pain , heat ,swelling

resident immune cell ( fixed macrophages) at injury location but not enough
need more cells to migrate

Isolate, ddestroy or inactivate invade, remove debris
prepare for wound healing

Question 2

Stages for inflammation

Answer 2

stage 1.
vasodialation and increased permeability of blood vessel
release of inflammatory mediator histamine, kinine, protagladins, complement protein .

Non-local effect:
make more immune cell
release of stored immune cell

stage 2.
phagocyte movement to injury site from blood
neutrophils early : fast , monocytes late ( bigger capacity)
1. margination: phagocytes and local endothelium form adhesion so things can stick and doesnt flow past.

2. diapedesis: phagocyte migrate through membrane into IF
3. Chemotaxis: guid to actual acute injured spot : cytokine follow

stage 3: tissue repair
worn out, damaged cell replaced
may include new network of small blood vessels to help remove debris and deliver needed nutrient and oxygen

Question 3

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 3

Formed in RBM by thrombopoiesis
cell fragment of megakaryocyte
5-9 days
No nucleus many vesicle

hemostasis: stop bleeding , form coagulation or clotting

Question 4

platelet Plug formation

Answer 4

3 steps
1. platelet adhesion : contact and stick to exposed collagen fiber using von willebrand factor

2. activation: platelet release vesicle content
   release of ADP and serotonin: make platelet change shape and function
   synthesis of thromboxane A2 : promote vasoconstriction, attract other plaetlet
3. aggregation: ADP makes platelet sticky to one another form mass plug
   PGL2 and NO released from healthy endothelium prevent platelet steps

keep in check size and extent of spread of platelet plug `

Question 5

blood clotting ( coagulation)

Answer 5

blood to solid gel
Procoagulant : thrombin, calcium, clotting factors, vitamin K : clotting cascade

Anticoagulant : oppose antithrombine 3, TFPI, activating protein c inactivate thrombin or clotting factor.

Dissolving clot: fibrolytic system : plasminogen to plastmin dissolves clot.

Question 6

adaptive immune response

Answer 6

recognize specific material to be attacked :
what is self and what is foreign
lock and key
memory for previous encounter

antigen: any molecule that can trigger an adaptive response
Lymphocytes essential cells of adaptive system

Question 7

Lymphocytes

Answer 7

B cells: arise and mature in bone marrow
T cell: arise in bone marrow, mature in Thymus to helper and cytotoxic t cell

Migrate to secondary lymphoid structure
clone itself:
naive lymphocytes, not yet exposed to antigen
One specific surface antigen receptor

Question 8

General response adaptive

Answer 8

encounter and recognition: antigen binds to antigen receptor on lymphocytes: correct lympocytes with antigen
activation : multiple rounds clonal expansian : increase in number and specialization

Form effector cell : carry out initial immune response,
memory cell: stored for future use.

Attack: cell mediated : cell attack, intracelluar pathogen, cancer cell
antibody mediated : form antibody, antibody attack