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Question 1

What is High Pressure (Anticyclones)?

Answer 1

Calm, dry, settled weather.

Question 2

What is Low Pressure (Depressions)?

Answer 2

Stormy, wet conditions.

Question 3

What is the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone)?

Answer 3

A belt of low pressure where trade winds meet, causing storms in tropical regions.

Question 4

What does the Global Circulation Model explain?

Answer 4

How heat is distributed around the planet.

Question 5

What are the three cells in the Global Circulation Model?

Answer 5

Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar.

Question 6

What is the Eruption Theory regarding climate change?

Answer 6

Volcanoes release ash that blocks sunlight.

Question 7

How do asteroids affect climate?

Answer 7

Impact causes cooling by sending dust into the air.

Question 8

What does the Sunspot Theory suggest?

Answer 8

More sunspots = more solar energy.

Question 9

What is the Orbital Theory (Milankovitch Cycles)?

Answer 9

Changes in Earth’s orbit affect climate.

Question 10

What do tree rings indicate?

Answer 10

(5 years) time and duration of tree birth from present

Question 11

What do ice cores show?

Answer 11

Trapped gases show past CO₂ levels.

Question 12

What gases are considered Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)?

Answer 12

CO₂, methane, and water vapor trap heat, causing global warming.

Question 13

What conditions are necessary for Tropical Cyclones to form?

Answer 13

Warm ocean water (26°C+), low pressure causing rising air, and air spins due to the Coriolis effect.

Question 14

What were the causes of Cyclone Aila (Bangladesh, 2009)?

Answer 14

Low pressure over Bay of Bengal.

Question 15

What were the impacts of Cyclone Aila?

Answer 15

190 deaths, 750,000 homes destroyed, 59,000 livestock lost.

Question 16

What responses were made to Cyclone Aila?

Answer 16

NGOs provided aid, embankments repaired.

Question 17

What category was Hurricane Katrina (USA, 2005)?

Answer 17

Category 5 storm, storm surges up to 8m.

Question 18

What were the impacts of Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 18

1,800 deaths, $125 billion damage, levees failed.

Question 19

What responses were made to Hurricane Katrina?

Answer 19

FEMA criticized for slow response; National Guard helped.

Question 20

What are key components of planning and preparing for cyclones?

Answer 20

Early warning systems, evacuation plans, storm shelters.

Question 21

What are the layers of Earth’s structure?

Answer 21

Crust → Mantle → Outer Core → Inner Core.

Question 22

What happens at convergent boundaries?

Answer 22

Plates collide, causing earthquakes & volcanoes.

Question 23

What happens at divergent boundaries?

Answer 23

Plates move apart, forming new crust.

Question 24

What was the eruption of Mount St. Helens (1980)?

Answer 24

Lateral blast, 57 deaths, pyroclastic flow.

Question 25

What were the impacts of the Mount St. Helens eruption?

Answer 25

$1 billion damage, Spirit Lake destroyed.

Question 26

What was the eruption of Montserrat (1995-97)?

Answer 26

19 killed, 2/3 of island uninhabitable.

Question 27

What responses were made to the Montserrat eruption?

Answer 27

Evacuations, UK provided aid.

Question 28

How do earthquakes form?

Answer 28

Pressure builds at fault lines, then releases as seismic waves.

Question 29

What was the Haiti Earthquake (2010)?

Answer 29

Magnitude 7.0, epicenter near Port-au-Prince.

Question 30

What were the impacts of the Haiti Earthquake?

Answer 30

230,000 deaths, cholera outbreak, $8bn damage.

Question 31

What responses were made to the Haiti Earthquake?

Answer 31

International aid, but slow recovery.

Question 32

What was the Japan Earthquake (2011)?

Answer 32

Magnitude 9.0, triggered tsunami.

Question 33

What were the impacts of the Japan Earthquake?

Answer 33

15,000 deaths, Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Question 34

What responses were made to the Japan Earthquake?

Answer 34

Quick response, emergency shelters.

Question 35

What is the trend in urban population growth from 1975-2025?

Answer 35

Urban population growing, especially in Asia & Africa.

Question 36

How does urbanisation differ between developed and developing regions?

Answer 36

Developed regions – Slow urban growth (e.g., Europe). Developing regions – Rapid urbanisation (e.g., Africa, India).

Question 37

What defines a Megacity?

Answer 37

Over 10 million people (e.g., Mumbai).

Question 38

What defines an Alpha City?

Answer 38

Major global influence (e.g., New York).

Question 39

What caused urbanisation in New York?

Answer 39

Growth due to migration, economic opportunities.

Question 40

What are the characteristics of Kampala, New York, and Detroit?

Answer 40

Kampala – Informal economy, rapid urban growth. New York – Financial hub, diverse economy. Detroit – Industrial decline, shrinking population.

Question 41

What is the difference between formal and informal economies?

Answer 41

Formal – Taxes paid, regulated jobs (e.g., office jobs in NYC). Informal – No tax, unregulated (e.g., street vendors in Mumbai).

Question 42

What is the Vision Mumbai project?

Answer 42

Government-led redevelopment.

Question 43

What is the lok seva sangham Project (LSS)?

Answer 43

Community-driven initiative.

Question 44

What is the status of India's economy?

Answer 44

Fast-growing economy, huge population, outsourcing (e.g., BT Call Centers).

Question 45

What is FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)?

Answer 45

Companies invest due to cheap labor.

Question 46

What are the winners and losers in development?

Answer 46

Rich get richer, rural poor left behind.

Question 47

What does HDI measure?

Answer 47

Life expectancy, education, income.

Question 48

What does GDP represent?

Answer 48

Total value of goods/services.

Question 49

What is the Brandt Line?

Answer 49

Divides rich North from poor South (outdated now).

Question 50

Why is Malawi underdeveloped?

Answer 50

Landlocked, poor infrastructure, reliant on agriculture.

Question 51

What are Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs)?

Answer 51

Countries transitioning to developed (e.g., India, China).

Question 52

What are the stages in Rostow’s Development Theory?

Answer 52

traditional society, preconditions to take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption

Question 53

What does Frank’s Dependency Theory state?

Answer 53

Core (rich) countries exploit Periphery (poor) countries.

Question 54

What is Globalisation?

Answer 54

The world becoming interconnected through trade, tech, and migration.