Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Forensic Anatomy - Forensic Significance > Imaging Modalities > Flashcards

Imaging Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

Why is William Rontgen important?

A

Discovered Xray radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is John Halls-Edwards important?

A

First medical use of Xrays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of radiation is in Xrays?

A

Electromagnetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the wavelength of X rays?

A

0.01-10 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the biological properties permitting Xray imaging?

A

Different tissues absorbs Xrays at different rates.
Cause excitation of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is different between excited vs non-excited atoms?

A

Excited atoms enter reactions not available to non-excited atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can long term exposure to or high dosages of x rays lead to?

A

Somatic or genetic changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does more absorption in X rays result in?

A

White on image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of tissue appears white?

A

High density tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give an example of high density tissue

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does low absorption appear on x ray?

A

Black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does black on an x ray indicate?

A

Low density tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give examples of low density tissue

A

Lungs, air spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does intermediate absorption appear on X ray?

A

Shades of grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of tissue has intermediate absorption/appear grey on x ray?

A

Intermediate density tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give examples of intermediate density tissue.

A

Muscles, some connective tissue (e.g. adipose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is important to remember when interpreting an x ray?

A

2D image of 3D space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What tools can be used to help interpret an x ray?

A

Superimposition
Several angles
Colour differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of structures can be seen in an x ray?

A

Normal or abnormal
Calcifications
Tumours/neoplasias
Infections (e.g., pneumonia)
Foreign objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can absences of structures in x rays indicate?

A

Air spaces
Pneumo-/hemo-thorax
Fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When were CT scans developed?

A

1967

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who developed CT scans?

A

Sir Godfrey Houndsfield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When was the first medical use of a CT scan?

A

1971

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are CT scans used for?

A

Non-invasive imaging and diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What can CT scans help us do?
3D reconstruction of injuries 3D printing of structures for surgical planning
26
How do CT scans work?
X rays from multiple orientations Computer sums or stacks a complete image
27
What are the biological properties of CT scans?
Same as Xray but at higher doses
28
What are different types of CT scans?
Sequential CT Spiral CT Electron beam tomography Dual energy CT CT perfusion imaging With or without contrast
29
What is attenuation?
X rays transmitted - x rays absorbed by body
30
Differentiate between high and low density tissue in CT scans.
High - absorbs more radiation and less detected by scanner; brighter/white Low: absorbs less radiation and greater signal detected by the scanner; grey to black
31
What is the orientation of a CT scan?
Looking superiorly/cranially
32
What does RALP mean in CT scans?
Right, anterior, left, posterior
33
What structures can be seen in a CT scan
Normal or abnormal Calcifications Tumours/neoplasias INfections Foreign objects bleeding
34
What can structure absences indicate in CT scans?
Air spaces Fractures Pneumo-/hemo-thorax
35
Who invented MRI scans?
I. I. Rabi
36
When were MRI scans invented?
1930s
37
When did MRIs become common for soft tissue investigations?
1980s
38
When did MRIs begin to be used in medical settings?
1970s
39
Describe how MRI scans work
Images H2O containing tissues Hydrogen protons have magnetic poles Without a magnetic field poles align randomly Turn on magnet - poles line up Send a radio transmission to disrupt poles Disruption causes pole switch Turn off RT and pulse re-emitted Turn off magnetic - poles return to unaligned position Different tissues have different return rates Measuring difference = image processing and reconstruction
40
What are the three types of weight settings for MRIs?
T1, T2, Flair
41
What does weighting mean in MRI?
Images will appear with different densities with different weight settings
42
What differences in weights of MRIs result in the different densities?
Based on length, repetition, and strength of radio transmission pulses
43
What does white indicate in a T1 weighted image?
Fat Protein rich fluid
44
What does white indicate in a T2 weighted image?
Water content e.g. inflammation Tumour Haemorrhage Infection
45
What does intermediate colouring indicate in a T1 weighted image?
Gray spinal matter darker than white
46
What does intermediate colouring indicate?
White spinal matter darker than gray spinal matter.
47
What does dark colouring indicate in a T1 weighted image?
Bone Air Water content e.g. inflammation, tumour, hemhorrage
48
What does dark colouring indicate in a T2 weighted image?
Bone Air Fat
49
What are the three anatomical planes in which MRI can produce images?
Sagittal, coronal, transverse
50
How do you orient yourself in transverse MRI views?
RALP
51
Describe how CSF appears in each MRI weight.
T1: Dark T2: Bright Flair: Dark
52
Describe how white matter appears in each MRI weight.
T1: Light T2: Dark grey Flair: Dark grey
53
Describe how the cortex appears in each MRI weight?
T1: Gray T2: Light gray Flair: light gray
54
Describe how fat within bone marrow appears in each MRI weight
T1: Bright T2: Light Flair: Light
55
Describe how inflammation appears in each MRI weight?
T1: Dark T2: Bright Flair: Bright
56
What to determine when interpreting an MRI.
Body region Orientation Weighting
57
When are MRI scans used medically?
Anywhere contrast resolution is required (use tracer or dye to enhance) Soft tissue imaging
58
What can be determined in MRI soft tissue imaging?
Differentiates between muscle, water, fat Tumours versus healthy tissue Rupture of structure
59
What are the two types of forensic uses of medical imaging?
Antemortem Postmortem
60
What can antemortem medical imaging help with?
Detect injury Document injury
61
How can medical imaging be used postmortem
Virtual autopsy
62
Why might a virtual autopsy be used?
Healthcare worker safety Accommodate religious observance where possible Can be sufficient but largely ancillary to full autopsy
63
What are the two types of post mortem medical imaging
PMCT - post mortem computed tomography PMMR - post mortem magnetic resonance
64
How do postmortem exams work in Australia?
PMCT is the primary exam Followed by traditional autopsy
65
How do postmortem exams work in Germany?
PMCT is secondary exam At the order of the legal authority Prosecutor For homicides or malpractice only
66
How does the forensic pathology service use PMCT?
All individuals brought to the Coroner's Facility in Toronto
67
Who uses PMCT in Ontario?
Forensic pathologists, radiologists (more complex cases), anthropologists, odontologists
68
What can PMCT be used for in forensics?
Diagnosis Age estimation (adult and fetal)
69
When can PMCT be used for identification?
Where antemortem record is available
70
When was the first time PMCT was used in the US?
2012
71
What are the 4 agencies in the US that use PMCT?
NM, MD, LA county, AMFEO
72
What is required when PMCT is submitted into court as evidence?
Requires testimony to ensure renderings are true.
73

Forensic Anatomy - Forensic Significance (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions