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Clin Assess/Med II - Imaging > Imaging: XR, MRI, CT, etc.. > Flashcards

Imaging: XR, MRI, CT, etc.. Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

B-I-L

A

Border, Interface, Line

Use when looking at tissue densities

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2
Q

B-I-L

Wider differences in density lead to…

A

Sharp Borders!

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3
Q

B-I-L

Similar densities lead to….

A

Fuzzier Borders

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4
Q

Planes of Imaging

A

Know these to communicate with your colleagues!

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5
Q

Imaging Technique:

Film in relationship to your patient

A

Closer to the film: Sharper, Less Magnification

Further from Film = Less Sharp, Greater Magnification

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6
Q

AP View/PA View

A

AP View = Heart is magnified (b/c the heart is an anterior structure)

PA View = More accurately assess Heart Size; higher quality

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7
Q

Know which view you are looking at!!

A
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8
Q

Know what view you are looking at!

A

Is it:

  • PA?
  • AP?
  • Lateral?
  • Oblique?
  • axial?
  • 30° cephalad angulated…?
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9
Q

Know the Patient’s History

A

This will provide information on what views to order/should you order Additional Views?

Side note: Always let x-ray tech know if an image is bad/needs a change

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10
Q

Sunrise View of the Knee

A

Aquired if patient can tolerate knee flexion

A.K.A Skyline view

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11
Q

Waters’ View

(Occipitomental view)

A

Gets a good like at the Sinuses.

Also diagnostic of an orbital blowout (‘teardrop sign’.)

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12
Q

Good technique is crucial!

A

Shape distortion can occur from unequal magnification!

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13
Q

Develop a Logical Approach!

A
  • Know image type
  • Know view/side
  • Understand limits
  • Confirm name, DOB, side of body
  • Review hx & past films
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14
Q

More on Logical Approaches…

A
  • Determine/Describe abnormal images
    • Consider all Differential Diagnoses
    • Don’t jump to conclusions
  • Consider differntial possibilities… Remeber the man who had the seed growing in his lung, yikes!
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15
Q

X-Ray Types

A
  • Plain X-Ray
  • Mammogram
  • DEXA
  • Fluoroscopy
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16
Q

DEXA SCAN

A
  • Low dose x-ray scan
  • X-ray energy absorbed by bone mineral
    • Measured & mineral content is calculated
  • Used for Osteoporosis/Osteopenia
    • Looks at Bone Density - lower dose
      • NOT a Bone Scan
    • Generates a T-Score
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17
Q

Mammograms

A
  • Detects Breast Cancer
    • Radiographic exam w/ PE
  • False positives in younger patients b/c Denser Tissue
  • Lots of radiation exposure
  • Digital imaging is so clear vs. film!
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18
Q

Fluoroscopy

A
  • Continuous beam of x-ray through patient
    • Real-time visualization
    • Moving structures!
    • Contrast studies, guided procedures
  • Used for:
    • Swallow studies
    • Heart angiograms
    • Minimally invasive back procedures
    • etc…
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19
Q

CAT SCAN

A

Don’t say that in the field!

Meow!

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20
Q

Metal in a CT Scan

Study These Flashcards
A

Metal is okay to go in a CT Scan, but can cause an Artifact!

21
Q

CT with Contrast

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Used to highlight differently/see layers
  • Liquid substance taken PO or IV
    • Helps tissue/organ be seen in detail
  • Be careful of:
    • Obstructions!
    • Perforations!
22
Q

CT, Reformatted

3-D Reconstruction

Study These Flashcards
A
  • CT taken in various planes
  • Reformatted in 3-D
  • Can be Rotated!
23
Q

Nice Job!! Take a Deep Breath….

We’re better off than some People…

24
Q

CT Scan

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Focused radiographic info for ONE slice of the patient
    • Range of densities
  • Know the different densities of various tissues & organs
  • Studies of chest or abdomen can happen w/in 10-90 seconds! Wow.
  • Protocols for specific body regions/clinical conditions

**Patient’s Left is on the Viewer’s Right

***View looking from Feet up

25
**Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)**
* Powerful magnets; H+ atoms * **Sit Incredibly Still!!** * TAKE A GOOD HISTORY BEFORE AN MRI * Do not want metal artifacts/ferromagnetic implants in MRI * Pacemaker - NO! * Bullets - NO! * Surgery w/metal implant- NO! * MRIs cost $$money$$
26
**MRI**
* No Ionzing Radiation * Produces images in numerous planes * Great differentiation of soft tissue structures
27
**MRI**
* High signal strength = white items * Low = dark items * Compact bone & moving blood = black * T1 weighted images * Fat appears bright * T2 weighted images * Liquids, tumors, inflammatory masses bright
28
**MRI - Application of use**
_Multiple Sclerosis_ - MRIs taken often to see how lesions are changing in the brain
29
**MRI Imaging with Angiography!** **"MRA"**
* MRA - used for vessels * Helps ID Abnormalities & Dx Atherosclerotic Disease * Use Gadolinium for contrast material
30
**Contrast MRA**
* Used in: * Cancer * specifically w/ metatases concerns * Lesion types * Breaches of Blood-Brain Barrier * MS - demylination plaques
31
**Ultrasound**
* Image of a slide of body * High frequency sound waves * Beam reflects against density of material * Can view images in Real-time! * Air & bone _cannot_ be adequately visualized * No radiation!
32
**Ultrasound:** **Echogenic/Hyperechoic** **& Echolucent/Hypoechoic**
* Echogenic/Hyperechoic: Solid organs w/ acoustic interfaces; reflect sound * Echolucent/Hypoechoic: Fluid-filled organs/structures lacking reflectors
33
**Ultrasound**
* Images aren't super sharp/clear * No radiation * Portable, less expensive * Multi-planar views * Can record in Real-time! * Good operator = Good quality!
34
**Radioisotope (Nuclear) Scanning**
* Inject radioactive isotope * Visualize tissue, organs * Can use for bone * Involves a chemical substance that is normally involved in organ's metabolism * Iodine - Thyroid scans * Albumin - Pulmonary studies * Blood - myocardial studies * Glucose - PET Scans * Short half-lives - * Remain only for imaging A Tagging System...
35
**Radioisotope (Nuclear) Scanning**
* 2-Part Study: * Get IV injection & Wait after injection * Let Patient know * Will also take a picture after isotope is no longer emitting in body * for a compare/contrast
36
**Angiograms**
Imaging of Arteries or Veins Different Types: Conventional, MRA, CTA, DSA * Digital - like conventional, but saved digitally... whoaaa. Also, substracts "noise" * MRA - MR images made into 3D vascular images; safer for patients in renal failure
37
Hope you're having fun!!
38
**SOME MSK PEARLS!!!**
* Fat Pad Sign * "Sail Sign" * By the radial head * ='s Radial head fracture!
39
**Salter Harris Classification!**
**S**traight **A**bove be**L**ow **T**hrough C**R**ushed! * I. Straight = compression * II. Above the growth plate * III. Below the growth plate * IV. Through distal & proximal * V. Crushed - growth plate collapsed **Ex:** Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE) = Type I Salter-Harris Fracture
40
**Growth Plates** a.k.a Epiphyseal Plates
* Growth plate = Epiphyseal plate * Growing tissue near both ends of long bones in children/adolescents * Determines: * Length & Shape of mature bone * Weakest area of the growing skeleton
41
**Fracture Types**
42
**Crescent Sign is indicative of...**
Avascular Necrosis * At Femoral Head * Lack of circulation destroys bone * Cresent Sign = bone already destroyed * Pain in AVN may radiate to groin (even the knee)
43
**Compression Fracture of Thoracic Vertebrae**
* Caused by excessive force on vertebral body * Forward & downward pressure on spine * Bone collapses & anterior portion forms a wedge shape * Can be extremely painful & cause numbing!!
44
**Stenosis of the Carotid Artery - MRA**
45
**X-Ray - Right Lower Lung Pneumonia**
46
Hand X-Ray w/ labeling (For reference)
47
Foot X-Ray with labels (for reference)
48
**X-Ray with Left Hip Osteoarthritis**
49
Good Luck Studying!!!

Clin Assess/Med II - Imaging (1 decks)

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