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Immunology and Inflammation > IMI1: sensing damage protecting our bodies > Flashcards

IMI1: sensing damage protecting our bodies Flashcards

1
Q

what cells are lymphoid cells?

A

T cells, B cells and NK cells

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2
Q

what are the other major classes of cells?

A 
myeloid cells (e.g. macrophages)
mast cells
DCs
neutrophils
basophils 
eosinophils
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3
Q

what are NK cells?

A

large cytotoxic lymphocytes that patrol the blood for virally-infected of damaged cells which they are able to recognise despite lacking variable receptors like the ones found on B and T cells

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4
Q

in what type of immunity is NK cells involved in?

A

it is involved in the innate immunity

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5
Q

what are cytokines?

A

small polypeptides that are used as messengers in the immune system

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6
Q

do we have the same number of microbes than body cells?

A

approximately yes

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7
Q

are the microbes living in our body harmful?

A

no they are harmless. they live in symbiosis with us

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8
Q

what is a microbiome?

A

microbiome is the genetic material of all of the microbes

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9
Q

is the microbiome essential?

A

yes it is vital for the correct absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

what are commensal bacteria?

A

bacterias and other microorganisms that act on host’s immune system to induce protective responses that prevent colonisation and invasion by pathogens

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11
Q

what is the first line of defence of our body?

A

physical barrier: skin, mucous membranes, secretion (e.g. tears)

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12
Q

what is the second line of defence?

A

innate immune system

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13
Q

what does the innate immune system have to do?

A

needs to:

  • defect
  • deflect
  • destroy
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14
Q

is the action of the innate immune system broad or specific?

A

broad

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15
Q

what is the third line of defence?

A

adaptive immune system

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16
Q

is the adaptive immune system always deployed?

A

no, it is only deployed if it is absolutely necessary

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17
Q

what are the organs of the immune system?

A 
adenoids
tonsils
thymus
BM
bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue
axillary lymph nodes 
lymph nodes 
spleen
payer's patches
inguinal lymph nodes
appendix
lymphatic vessels
18
Q

how doe the innate immune system recognise the myriad of pathogens?

A

1st, the immune system recognise if something is harmless or dangerous:
the first cells pathogens encounter after physical barrier are resident macrophages that are present in all tissue

19
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

process done by phagocytes where they gobble up pathogens or damaged cells and kill them using proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS)

20
Q

how do macrophages recognise pathogens or damaged cells?

A

pathogens have structural features essential for their survival –> PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)
damaged cells –> DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns)

21
Q

what are APC (=antigen presenting cells)? what do they do?

A

DCs and macrophages

they present antigen to T cells

22
Q

what are the 2 signals that the T cells need to get activated?

A
  1. the antigen needs to be presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
  2. molecules on the APC that are called CD80 and CD86
23
Q

what are PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)?

A

family of receptors that recognise PAMPs and that control the activation of CD80 and CD86

24
Q

what are the 2 main groups of PRRs? and what do they do?

A
  • signalling PRRs –> initiate signalling cascades

- phagocytic receptors –> trigger phagocytosis

25
Q

can signalling PRRs and phagocytic PRRs be soluble and cell-associated PRRs?

A

yes

26
Q

do each cell type express all innate receptors?

A

no, each cell type expresses just a few types

27
Q

what is cellular heterogeneity? how does it help cells?

A

certain functional immune cell type express different combinations of PRRs
it increases cell’s ability to identify non-self antigens or damaged cells

28
Q

what are other phagocytic receptors that macrophages express?

A

complement receptors and scavenger receptors

29
Q

what are the different types of cytokines?

A
  • 40 interleukins (ILs)
  • chemotactic chemokines
  • antiviral interferons (IFNs)
30
Q

what are the manners in which cytokines act?

A

autocrine, paracrine or endocrine manner

31
Q

what does it mean for cytokines to have pleiotropic functions?

A

it means that they behave differently in different cells types and thus can have many different functions

32
Q

what do cytokines do in endothelium?

A

induce cell contraction and cytokine secretion

33
Q

what do cytokines do in macrophages?

A

induce cell activation

34
Q

what do cytokines do in DCs?

A

induce cell differentiation

35
Q

what do chemokine do in phagocytes?

A

induce cell migration

36
Q

what are the different pro-inflammatory cytokines? and what do they do?

A

IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, CXCL8 and TNF-alpha

they induce inflammation

37
Q

what dies inflammation causes?

A

causes local redness, swelling, less blood flow and vascular permeability

38
Q

what does permeability allow?

A

it allows the exit of neutrophils and other leukocytes from the blood and subsequent proliferation of NK cells

39
Q

macrophages release all types of pro-inflammatory cytokines. what do they each do?

A

IL-1beta and TNF-alpha –> induce blood vessels to become more permeable, enabling effector cells and fluid containing soluble effector molecules to enter the infected tissue
IL-6 –> induces fat and muscle cells to metabolise, make heat and raise the temperature in the infected tissue
CXCL8 –> recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the infected tissue
IL-12 –> recruits and activates NK cells that in turn secret cytokines that strengthen the macrophages’ response to infection

40
Q

where can we find PRRs?

A

macrophages, DCs, NK cells, mast cells and neutrophils

41
Q

how is the precise immune response determined?

A

it is determined by the combination of PRRs

42
Q

what are the different PRRs?

A

CLR, NLR, TLR, RLR, cGAs and STING

Immunology and Inflammation (10 decks)

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