Imm: Exam III Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Topic 9
What are histocompatibility (transplantation) antigens?
A
antigens on tissues and cells that determine rejection when grafted between genetically different individuals
2
Q
Topic 9
What are major histocompatibility antigens?
A
antigens that cause very strong immune response
most important in rejection; encoded by MHC
3
Q
Topic 9
What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?
A
Collection of genes arrayed within long continuous stretch of DNA on chromosome 6 in humans, 17 in mice;
presents peptides
4
Q
Topic 9
MHC class I is expressed on... MHC class II is expressed on...
A
I: (glycoproteins) expressed on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells
II: only professional antigen presenting cells
5
Q
Topic 9
What is the structure of MHC class I? What is the structure of MHC class II?
A
I: alpha chain ( alpha1, alpha2, alpha3 ) and beta2 microglobulin
II: alpha chain ( alpha1-2 ) and beta chain ( beta1-2 )
6
Q
Topic 9
MHC class I presents peptide antigens to Tc or Th cells? CD8 or CD4?
MHC class II presents peptide antigens to Tc or Th cells? CD8 or CD4?
A
I: Tc cell ( cytotoxic T cells ) CD8 cells
II: Th cell ( helper T cells ) CD4 cells
7
Q
Topic 9
____ sends negative signals to natural killer ( NK ) cells
A
MHC class I
Protects nucleating cells from being killed by them
8
Q
Topic 9
What is the MHC property of polygeny?
A
Multiple MHC genes within one individual for some function
9
Q
Topic 9
What is the MHC property of polymorphism?
A
multiple varients of the same allele in a population
10
Q
Topic 9
What is the MHC property of codominant expression?
A
All loci are always expressed; opposite of B cells
11
Q
Quiz 5
Which of the following cell types does NOT express MHC class I?
a) hepatocyte
b) dendritic cell
c) erythrocyte
d) lymphocyte
e) neutrophil
A
c) erythrocyte
because no nucleus
12
Q
Quiz 5
MHC class II molecules are made up of two polypeptide chains called _______, whose function is to bind peptides and present them to _______ T cells:
a) alpha (α) and beta (β); CD8+
b) alpha (α) and beta (β); γ:δT cells.
c) alpha (α) and beta2-microglobulin (β2m); CD8+
d) alpha (α) and beta (β); CD4+
e) alpha (α) and beta2-microglobulin (β2m); CD4+
A
d) alpha (α) and beta (β); CD4+
* Note: C would be correct if asking about MHC class I
13
Q
Quiz 5
The peptide-binding groove of MHC class I molecule is composed of the following extracellular domains:
a) α2: α3
b) α1: β1
c) α1: α2
d) β1: β2
e) α2: β2
A
c) α1: α2
* Note: B would be correct if asking about MHC class II
14
Q
Quiz 5
Which of the following describes the sequence of events involved in processing of protein antigens that will be presented as antigenic peptides with MHC class I?
a) endogenous protein → proteasome → TAP 1/2 → endoplasmic reticulum → MHC class I → plasma membrane
b) TAP 1/2 → proteasome → MHC class I → endoplasmic reticulum → plasma membrane →endogenous protein
c) proteasome → TAP 1/2 → MHC class I → endoplasmic reticulum → endogenous protein → plasma membrane
d) plasma membrane → TAP 1/2 → proteasome → MHC class I → endoplasmic reticulum →endogenous protein
e) endoplasmic reticulum → proteasome → endogenous protein→ MHC class I → TAP 1/2 → plasma membrane
A
a) endogenous protein → proteasome → TAP1/2 → endoplasmic reticulum → MHC class I → plasma membrane
15
Q
Quiz 5
Human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are NOT….
a) clustered in one region of chromosome #6
b) allelic excluded
c) polygenic
d) co-dominantly expressed
e) highly polymorphic
A
b) allelic excluded
* When one allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced
16
Q
Topic 10
A T cell receptor ( TCR ) has:
- 2 polypeptide chains, ____ and _____
- a _____ (top) and ______ a region (bottom)
- together, this makes the ____
- also has a cytoplasmic tail that reaches through the ____ region into the _____
Bank: cytoplasm, antigen binding site, alpha, variable region (V), constant region (C), beta, transmembrane
A
A T cell receptor ( TCR ) has:
- 2 polypeptide chains, alpha and beta
- a variable region (V) (top) and a constant region (C) region (bottom)
- together, this makes the antigen binding site
- also has a cytoplasmic tail that reaches through the transmembrane region into the cytoplasm
17
Q
Topic 10
Similarities between TCRs and BCRs:
- Both are members of _____
- TCR (T cell receptor) resembles the ___ portion of a BCR (B cell receptor)
- The alpha chain: Ig ___ chain
- The beta chain: Ig ___ chain
- TCR V domain resembles Ig ____ and TCR C domain resembles Ig ______
- Interchain disulfide bond: Ig ___
Bank: C domain, light, Ig superfamily, Fab, hinge, heavy, V domain
A
Similarities between TCRs and BCRs:
- Both are members of Ig superfamily
- TCR resembles the Fab portion of a BCR
- The a chain: Ig light chain
- The b chain: Ig heavy chain
- TCR V domain resembles Ig V domain and C domain to one of the Ig C domains
- Interchain disulfide bond: Ig hinge
18
Q
Topic 10
Differences Between TCRs and BCRs; in TCRs:
- V-J joining can occur on __ chain due to unique RSS structure
- _____ less stringent for α chain than β chain
- Multiple ___ chains can appear on the same T cell
- No somatic mutation, No ______
- Always ____
- Bind to ____, instead of antigen alone
- α:β T cell receptor and ____ T cell receptor
Bank: β, membrane bound, antigen/ MHC complex, allelic exclusion, α, isotype switching, γ:δ
A
Differences Between TCRs and BCRs:
- V-J joining can occur on β chain due to unique RSS structure
- Allelic exclusion less stringent for α chain than β chain
- Multiple α chains can appear on the same T cell
- No somatic mutation, No isotype switching
- Always membrane bound
- Bind to antigen/MHC complex, instead of antigen alone
- α:β T cell receptor and γ:δ T cell receptor
19
Q
Topic 10
Hyperviable Regions (HV) / CDRs:
- CDRs determine TCR’s ____
- TCR’s antigen/ MHC binding site has ____ CDRs
- TCR repertoire is generated by ______
- Creates a ____
Bank: TCR gene rearrangement, binding specificity, 6, loop
A
For hyperviable Regions (HV) / CDRs:
- CDRs determine TCR’s binding specificity
- TCR’s antigen/ MHC binding site has 6 CDRs
- TCR repertoire is generated by TCR gene rearrangement
- Creates a loop
20
Q
Topic 10
TCR Diversity:
- Like B cell receptors, TCRs can bind virtually to any existing ____ associated with MHCs
How is diversity generated?
1) Multiple TCR ______
2) Recombination signal sequences (RSS) and ____ recombinase
3) Gene rearrangement follows the same 12/23 (aka _____) rule
4) ______: P- and N-nucleotide additions (TdT)
Bank: peptide antigens, one turn/two turn, gene segments, junctional flexibility, RAG-1/2
A
TCR Diversity:
- Like B cell receptors, TCRs can bind virtually to any existing peptide antigens associated with MHCs
How is diversity generated?
1) Multiple TCR gene segments
2) Recombination signal sequences (RSS) and RAG-1/2 recombinase
3) Gene rearrangement follows the same 12/23 (aka one turn/two turn) rule
4) Junctional flexibility: P- and N-nucleotide additions (TdT)
* TCR diversity is generated in a similar way as BCRs
21
Q
Topic 10
Human TCR Gene Loci
- The human T cell receptor gene has an alpha and beta chain locus
- The alpha chain locus has ___, ___, and ___ segments
- The beta chain has ___, ___, ___, and ___ segments (like the ___ chain)
Bank: D, D, C, C, J, J, V, V, light, heavy
A
Human TCR Gene Loci
- Has an alpha and beta chain locus
- The alpha chain locus has V, J, and C segments
- The beta chain has V, J, C, and D segments (like the light chain)
22
Q
Topic 10
TCR Gene Rearrangement
- Order of TCR gene rearrangement: _______, _______, ______, (_____), _____
- Alpha chain locus: In order to make functional, any of the ___ segments can join any of the ___ segments
- Beta chain locus: In order to make functional, a _____ is made
Bank: germline DNA, DJC arrangement, T cell receptor protein, recombination, J, (transcription, splicing, translation), V, rearranged DNA
A
TCR Gene Rearrangement
- Order of TCR gene rearrangement: germline DNA, recombination, rearranged DNA, (transcription, splicing, translation), T cell receptor protein
- Alpha chain locus: In order to make functional, any of the V segments can join any of the J segments
- Beta chain locus: In order to make functional, a DJC arrangement is made
23
Q
Topic 10
Comparison of TCR
and BCR Diversities
- In the ___ cell receptor, there is more ____: more palindromic nucleotide addition and more junctional diversity
Bank: rearrangement, T, B,
A
Comparison of TCR
and BCR Diversities
- In the T cell receptor, there is more rearrangement: more palindromic nucleotide addition and more junctional diversity
24
Q
Topic 10
RSS:
- V-J Joining Is Allowed in TCR ____-chain Locus
(RSS Difference) - The one turn two turn rule makes ____ joining possible
- In the alpha-bata chain, the one turn two turn rule is applicable because a ___ can attach to a ___ ( ___ VJ binding occurs)
- In the k-H chain, the one turn two turn rule is not applicable because a ___ cannot attach to a ____ ( ___ VJ binding occurs)
Bank:
no, yes
J23, J23, V23, V23, J12, J12, V12, V12
V to J, alpha to beta, D to C
alpha, beta
A
RSS:
- V-J Joining Is Allowed in TCR beta-chain Locus
(RSS Difference) - The one turn two turn rule makes a V to J joining possible
- In the alpha-bata chain, the one turn two turn rule is applicable because a V23 can attach to a J12 (VJ binding occurs)
- In the k-H chain, the one turn two turn rule is not applicable because a V23 cannot attach to a J23 (no VJ binding occurs)
25
Topic 10
Beta chain rearrangement:
- ___ possible attempts overall
- ___ attempts can be made to achieve a productive rearrangement of the beta chain locus on each _____
- After a ____ rearrangement to C2, the transcription of functional beta-chain ____ can begin
Bank:
One, two, three, four
productive, unproductive
homologous chromosome, different chromosome
tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
Beta chain rearrangement:
- Four possible attempts overall
- Two attempts can be made to achieve a productive rearrangement of the beta chain locus on each homologous chromosome
- After a productive rearrangement to C2, the transcription of functional beta-chain mRNA can begin
26
Topic 10
TCR Binding:
- TCR binds the _____
- TCR always binds to the peptide associated with ___
- Binds in a ___ epitope (when the proteins that are bound by the antibody are all in a row)
Bank:
Discontinuous, Linear
MHC molecules
MHC & Peptide Complex
TCR Binding:
- TCR binds the MHC & Peptide Complex
- TCR always binds to the peptide associated with MHC molecules
- Binds in a linear epitope (when the proteins that are bound by the antibody are all in a row)
27
Topic 10
The two classes of T cell receptors:
αβ (alpha beta) TCR and γδ (gamma delta) TCR
- ____ T cells express αβ TCRs
- ____ T cells express γδ TCRs
- ___ structure, encoded by ___ genes
- ____ have/has a V (top) and C (bottom) region
Bank:
Same, Different
Most, Some
Both, αβ, γδ
The two classes of T cell receptors:
αβ (alpha beta) TCR and γδ (gamma delta) TCR
- Most T cells express αβ TCRs
- Some T cells express γδ TCRs
- Same structure, encoded by different genes
- Both have a V (top) and C (bottom) region
28
Topic 10
Gene Structures of γ (gamma) and δ (delta) Gene Loci
- The number of gene segments of γ and δ genes are much ____
- __ gene locus is located within the __ gene locus
- ___ is sometimes used by α-chain gene rearrangement
- Chromosome __ has an alpha and beta chain locus
- Chromosome __ has a γ chain locus
- γ: like the Ig ___ chain and the _____, there is no ___ segment
Bank:
7, 14
light, heavy, MHC alpha chain
V, J, C, D
Vδ, Vγ
δ, α
smaller, larger
Gene Structures of γ (gamma) and δ (delta) Gene Loci
- The number of gene segments of γ and δ genes are much smaller
- δ gene locus is located within the α gene locus
- Vδ is sometimes used by α-chain gene rearrangement
- Chromosome 14 has an alpha and beta chain locus
- Chromosome 7 has a γ chain locus
- γ – like the Ig light chain and the MHC alpha chain, there is no D segment
29
Topic 10
The link between alpha chain and δ ( delta ) chain:
- _______ of an alpha chain always _____ the linked δ ( delta ) chain locus
- How does this happen? During rearrangement, the alpha chain completely loops out of the δ ( ___ ) chain locus
- This is the reason why there is far less of the γ ( ___ ) and δ ( delta ) chains compared to the alpha and beta chains
Bank:
Recombination, Transport, Rearrangement
delta, lambda, gamma
Increases, decreases, eliminates
The link between alpha chain and δ ( delta ) chain:
- Rearrangement of an alpha chain always eliminates the linked δ ( delta ) chain locus
- How does this happen? During rearrangement, the alpha chain completely loops out of the δ ( delta ) chain locus
- This is the reason why there is far less of the γ ( gamma ) and δ ( delta ) chains compared to the alpha and beta chains
30
Topic 10
γδ (gamma delta ) T Cells:
Their function is not fully understood...
- May function as a part of _____, like B-1 cells
- More important in ____ embryonic development
- Can be activated ____ infection
- Involved in ____; function of inflammation
- Due to spectrum of _____ secreted, may serve regulatory role to attract αβ T-cells
Bank:
cytokine mapping, tissue repair, immune response
early, middle, late, post-
with, without
T cells, cytokines, B cells
adaptive immunity, innate immunity
γδ (gamma delta ) T Cells:
Their function is not fully understood...
- May function as a part of innate immunity, like B-1 cells
- More important in early embryonic development
- Can be activated without infection
- Involved in tissue repair; function of inflammation
- Due to spectrum of cytokines secreted, may serve regulatory role to attract αβ T-cells
31
Topic 10
T Cell Receptor
Complex
- Like BCRs, besides αβ chains, T cell receptors also have other proteins to form a ______
- TCR complex has 6 proteins: ___, ___, ___, __, ___, ____ (order matters here, read left --> right)
- The proteins used in this complex are collectively called ___
- CD3 = unique marker for ____
- Makes signal transduction ___
Bank:
T cells, B cells
alpha, beta, gamma, lambda, omega, epsilon, epsilon, delta
TCR complex, MHC complex
occur, not occur
CD3, CD4, CD8
T Cell Receptor
Complex
- Like BCRs, besides αβ chains, T cell receptors also have other proteins to form a TCR complex
- TCR complex has 6 proteins: epsilon, delta, alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon 2
- The proteins used in this complex are collectively called CD3
- CD3 = unique marker for T cells
- Makes signal transduction occur
32
Topic 10
CD4 and CD8 co-Receptors
- CD4 has _ external domains, CD8 has _ external domains
- CD4 is expressed on __ cells, CD8 is expressed on __ cells
- CD4 binds to ____, CD8 binds to ____
- Both reach into the _____ and are anchored there
Bank:
MHC I, MHC II
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
cytoplasm, transmembrane region
Tc, Th
CD4 and CD8 co-Receptors
- CD4 has 4 external domains, CD8 has 2
- CD4 is expressed on Th cells, CD8 is expressed on Tc cells
- CD4 binds to MHC II, CD8 binds to MHC I
- Both reach into the cytoplasm
33
Topic 10
T cell co-receptors:
- The T cell co-receptors are the ___ T cell and the ___ T cell
- They _____ the
TCR/ MHC/ Peptide Complex
- They do this by binding Ig-like domains of ____ molecules
Bank:
neutralize, destroy, stabilize
alpha, beta, delta, gamma, CD8, CD4
MHC, TCR, BCR
T cell co-receptors:
- The T cell co-receptors are the CD8 T cell and the CD4 T cell
- They stabilize the
TCR/ MHC/ Peptide Complex
- They do this by binding Ig-like domains of MHC molecules
34
Topic 10
T cell development
- T cell ____ travel from the _____ to develop in the ____
- Then, ____ T cells leave the ___ and travel to _____ lymphoid tissues
Bank:
bone marrow, thymus, thymus, primary, secondary, precursors, mature
T cell development
- T cell precursors travel from the bone marrow to develop in the thymus
- Then, mature T cells leave the thymus and travel to secondary lymphoid tissues
35
Topic 10
T Cell Development, Activation and Differentiation
- 4 main phases: _______, ______, _____/ _____, _____ (in order)
- _____ T cells go to the infection site
Bank:
activation, early development, differentiation, effectors, maturation
mature, effector, young, old
T Cell Development, Activation and Differentiation
- 4 main phases: early development, maturation, activation/ differentiation, effectors
- Effector T cells go to the infection site
36
Topic 10
T cell development:
- The T cell develops in the ____
- Thymus is on top of the ____ and has two regions: ____ and ______
- In the thymus, T cells are called _____
- Lack of T cells can develop ______
- _______: cannot make B cells so T cells can’t be made either ( immune system effected = no hair )
Bank:
naked rat, nude mice, immunocompromised organism
phagocytes, erythrocytes, thymocytes
HIV, DiGeorge syndrome, cancer
stomach, heart, liver
bone marrow, thymus, secondary lymphoid tissues
origin, V domain, medulla, C domain, cortico
T cell development:
- The T cell develops in the thymus
- Thymus is on top of the heart and has two regions: cortico and medulla
- In the thymus, T cells are called thymocytes
- Lack of T cells can develop DiGeorge Syndrome
- Nude mice – cannot make B cells so T cells can’t be made either ( immune system effected ) ( no hair = nude mouse )
37
Topic 10
Early T cell development
- _____ stem cells arrive in
thymus through HEV from
blood and enter the ______
- Cortical epithelial cells provide key signals that trigger stem cells to proliferate and differentiate to T cell precursors (_______)
- IL- _
- Ligand for Notch- _
Bank:
phagocytes, erythrocytes, thymocytes
CD4, CD8, CD34+
cortex, nucleus, epithelium
5, 6, 7, 8
1, 2, 3, 4,
Early T cell development
- CD34+ stem cells arrive in
thymus through HEV from
blood and enter cortex
- Cortical epithelial cells provide key signals that trigger stem cells to proliferate and differentiate to T cell precursors (thymocytes)
- IL-7
- Ligand for Notch-1
38
Topic 10
Early T cell development pt 2
- Thymocytes stop proliferating and TCR
___ -chain genes rearrange (so do __ & __ genes)
- β-chain (or γ/δ chains) are ______.
- New β-chains combine with a 33-KD
______: pre-Ta chain and form pre-T-cell receptor (pre-TCR)
- Both α:β T cells and γ:δ T Cells are from
common _____
Bank:
glycoprotein, phagocyte, erythrocyte
hosts, cells, progenitors
repressed, killed, expressed
omega, beta, alpha, epsilon, gamma, delta
Early T cell development pt 2
- Thymocytes stop proliferating and TCR
beta-chain genes rearrange (also γ&δ genes)
- β-chain (or γ/δ chains) is expressed.
- New β-chains combine with a 33-KD
glycoprotein: pre-Ta chain and form pre-T-cell
receptor (pre-TCR)
- Both α:β T cells and γ:δ T Cells are from
common progenitors
39
Topic 10
Early T cell development pt 3
- Double ______ thymocytes
______ βγδ gene loci.
- Although it seems random to
go to αβ T cells or γδ T cells,
___ T cells are preferred.
Bank:
positive, negative
repress, rearrange, kill, express
αβ, γδ
Early T cell development pt 3
- Double negative thymocytes
rearrange βγδ gene loci.
- Although it seems random to
go to αβ T cells or γδ T cells,
αβ T cells are preferred.
40
Topic 10
Pre-T cell receptor
- Heterodimers form a ______
- The superdimer + __ Cell Receptor
Complex forms a ______ pre-T cell receptor
- This is done by _______
- Autosignaling is when no extra ____ is bound to the receptor
Bank:
ligand, protein, dimer
T, B, alpha, beta
autosignaling, dimerization, recombination
double dimer, superdimer
functional, nonfunctional
Pre-T cell receptor
- Heterodimers form a superdimer
- The superdimer + T Cell Receptor
Complex forms a functional pre-T cell receptor
- This is done by autosiganling
- Autosignaling is when no extra ligand is bound to the receptor
41
Topic 10
The Assembly of Pre-TCR
- The assembly of Pre-TCR sends _____ signals
- The signals can:
* make the cell become _____ for TCR alpha-chain locus arearrangements
* ______ expression of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors
* ____ additional TCR beta-chain locus arearrangements (_______)
* Stimulate ______
Bank:
permissive, nonpermissive
stimulate, stop, start
1, 2, 3, 4, multi-
allelic exclusion, isotope switching
proliferation, signaling
The Assembly of Pre-TCR
- The assembly of Pre-TCR sends multi- signals
- The signals can:
* make the cell become permissive for TCR alpha-chain locus arearrangements
* stimulate expression of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors
* Stop additional TCR beta-chain locus arearrangements (allelic exclusion)
* Stimulate proliferation
42
Topic 10
Pre-T Cells Rearrange α, γ, and δ Gene Loci
- If α gene is selected, the cell will become ______ double + αβ T cells
- If __ and __ genes are selected, the cell will become __ T cells
- Again, __ T cells are preferred.
Bank:
αβ, γδ
alpha, beta, gamma, delta
CD4/CD8, CD34+/CD38+
Pre-T Cells Rearrange α, γ, and δ Gene Loci
- If α gene is selected, the cell will become CD4/CD8 double + αβ T cells
- If γ and δ genes are selected, the cell will become γδ T cells
- Again, αβ T cells are preferred.
43
Topic 10
Immature T cells
- The successful assembly of TCR ends the _______ development
- _______ are CD4 and CD8 double positive
Bank:
early T cells, late T cells, immature T cells, mature T cells
Immature T cells
- The successful assembly of TCR ends the
early T cells development
- Immature T cells are CD4 and CD8 double
positive
44
Topic 10
T Cells Prefer __-Receptor to __-Receptor
Why?
1) γ:δ receptors require __ independent productive gene rearrangements, while Pre-T receptors only need __
2) β chain gene structure allows __ rearrangements
3) A successful α-chain gene rearrangement completely _____ δ-gene segments
Bank:
γδ, αβ
1,2,3,4
eliminates, adds
T Cells Prefer αβ-Receptor to γδ-Receptor
Why?
1) γ:δ receptors require two independent productive gene rearrangements, while Pre-T receptors only need one
2) β chain gene structure allows four rearrangements
3) A successful α-chain gene rearrangement completely eliminate δ-gene segments
45
Topic 10
Why does the B chain rearrange 4 times?
Due to the _____ joining structure
Bank: VDJC, alpha beta
Why does the B chain rearrange 4 times?
| Due to the VDJC joining structure
46
Topic 10
The _____ chain locus can sustain many attempts at a functional rearrangement. This makes it more successful
Bank: alpha, beta, gamma, delta
The alpha chain locus can sustain many attempts at a functional rearrangement
47
Topic 10
Rearrangement of ___ genes always eliminates ___ genes
Bank: alpha, beta, gamma, delta
Rearrangement of α Gene Always Eliminate δ Gene
48
Topic 10
Early development of T cells
- T cells are developed in the _____
- At the end, immature double ____ T cells are made
Bank:
lymphnode, thymus, heart
positive, negative, alpha
Early development of T cells
- T cells are developed in the thymus
- At the end, immature double positive T cells are made
49
Topic 10
Gene Expression in T Cell
Development
- _____: Initiator
- _____: Trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor
- _____: an early lymphoid-specific transcription factor and a putative mediator for T cell commitment
- _____: regulates CD4 vs.
CD8 maturation
```
Bank:
GATA-3
Th-Pok
Ikaros
Notch-1
```
Gene Expression in T Cell
Development
- Notch-1: Initiator
- GATA-3: Trans-acting T-cell-specific transcription factor
- Ikaros: an early lymphoid-specific transcription factor and a putative mediator for T cell commitment
- Th-Pok: regulates CD4 vs.
CD8 maturation
50
Topic 10
T cell maturation
- _____ selection: Survival of thymocytes bearing receptors binding to self peptide/MHCs
(_____; ________)
- _____ selection: Elimination of thymocytes bearing high-affinity receptors for peptide/MHCs
(_______)
Bank:
positive, negative
MHC restriction, self-tolerance induction, single CD4 or CD8 T cells
T cell maturation
- Positive selection: Survival of thymocytes bearing receptors binding to self peptide/MHCs
(MHC restriction; single CD4 or CD8 T cells)
- Negative selection: Elimination of thymocytes bearing high-affinity receptors for peptide/MHCs
(self-tolerance induction)
51
Topic 10
Positive Selection
- Occurs in the ____; Here, thymocytes interact with ______.
- Failure to bind to self MHC leads to _____
- _____ selection determines self MHC restriction, therefore it focuses on self MHC
- _____: Similar to Receptor Editing in Ig light chain rearrangement, continuing α–chain gene rearrangement increases the chance for positive selection.
- ________: unique to thymus to make self peptide for positive selection
Bank:
TCR editing, Thymoproteasome, apoptosis, positive, negative, cortical epithelial cells, cortex,
Positive Selection
- Occurs in the cortex; Here, thymocytes interact with cortical epithelial cells.
- Failure to bind to self MHC leads to apoptosis
- Positive selection determines self MHC restriction, therefore it focuses on self MHC
- TCR Editing: Similar to Receptor Editing in Ig light chain rearrangement, continuing α–chain gene rearrangement increases the chance for positive selection.
- Thymoproteasome: unique to thymus to make self peptide for positive selection
52
Topic 10
- Positive Selection Determines Expression of Either ____ or _____
Bank: positive, negative, CD4, CD8, CD34+, alpha chain, beta chain
Topic 10
- Positive Selection Determines Expression of Either CD4 or CD8
53
Topic 10
Negative selection
- Negative selection is after positive selection and takes place in the _____.
- _____ (DC) or macrophages bearing class I & II MHC interact with thymocytes (Thymocytes with high-affinity receptors for self peptide/self MHC die through apoptosis)
- The focus of ____ selection is self peptides
- Negative selection generates _____.
Bank:
self tolerance, medulla, dendritic cells, cortex, positive, negative, negative
Negative selection
- Negative selection is after positive selection and takes place in the medulla.
- Dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages bearing class I & II MHC interact with thymocytes (Thymocytes with high-affinity receptors for self peptide/self MHC die through apoptosis)
- The focus of negative selection is self peptides
- Negative selection generates self tolerance.
54
Topic 10
Autoimmune Regulator ( AIRE )
- ______ antigens ( such as insulin ) are also tested as self antigens in thymus.
- A subpopulation of epithelial cells in the ____ of the thymus produce the transcriptional factor AIRE, which selectively express these tissue specific antigens ______.
- Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy ( _____ )
Bank:
tissue specific, peptide specific, APECED, cortex, medulla, permanently, temporally
Autoimmune Regulator ( AIRE )
- Tissue specific antigens ( such as insulin ) are also tested as self antigens in thymus.
- A subpopulation of epithelial cells in the medulla of thymus produce transcriptional factor: AIRE, which selectively express these tissue specific antigens temporally.
- Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy ( APECED )
55
Topic 10
Mature T cell generation in thymus
- ____ T cell development:
* β-Chain gene rearrangement
* Pre-TCR
* α-Chain gene rearrangement
* Double positive immature T cells
- T cell maturation
* ____ selection: self MHC restriction and single positive (CD4 or CD8) T cells
* _____ selection: elimination of self-reactive T cells ( ______ )
- _____ T cells are single positive, self-MHC restricted,
self antigen tolerated
Bank:
positive, negative, early, late, post-, self expression, self tolerance, immature, mature
Mature T cell generation in thymus
- Early T cell development:
* β-Chain gene rearrangement
* Pre-TCR
* α-Chain gene rearrangement
* Double positive immature T cells
- T cell maturation
* Positive selection: self MHC restriction and single positive (CD4 or CD8) T cells
* Negative selection: elimination of self-reactive T cells ( self tolerance )
- Mature T cells are single positive, self-MHC restricted,
self antigen tolerated
56
Topic 10
T Cell Development Is a Very
Expensive Process
- Less than ___% of the T cells survive the processes and become mature T cells
- Mature (naïve) CD4+ T helper cells (TH) or mature (naïve) CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (TC) circulate for years for antigens
(_______)
Bank:
1, 3, 5, 7
Thymus involution
T Cell Development Is a Very
Expensive Process
- Less than 5% of the T cells survive the processes and become mature T cells
- Mature (naïve) CD4+ T helper cells (TH) or mature (naïve) CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (TC) circulate for years for antigens
(Thymus involution)
57
Topic 10
T cell activation by dendritic cells
- Naïve T cells are activated by DCs: the ______ cells
Bank:
professional antigen
presenting, dendritic, nucleated
T cell activation by dendritic cells
- Naïve T cells are activated by
DCs: the professional antigen presenting cells
58
Topic 10
Dendritic Cells Use Different Ways to Process and Present Different _____
Bank: peptides, proteins, antigens
Dendritic Cells Use Different Ways to Process and Present Different antigens
59
Topic 10
Naïve T Cells Enter Lymph Nodes via _____ and ____
Naïve T Cells Enter Lymph Nodes via Blood and Lymph
60
Topic 10
T Cell and Dendritic Cell Interaction
1) Naive T cell binds dendritic cell with ____-affinity LFA-1 ICAM-1 interactions
2) Subsequent binding of __ cell receptors sends a signal to LFA-1
3) Conformational change in LFA-1 increases _____ and prolongs cell contact
Bank: low, high, B, T, affinity, flexibility
T Cell and Dendritic Cell Interaction
1) Naive T cell binds dendritic cell with low-affinity LFA-1 ICAM-1 interactions
2) Subsequent binding of T cell receptors sends a signal to LFA-1
3) Conformational change in LFA-1 increases affinity and prolongs cell contact
61
Topic 10
What does SMAC stand for?
- c-SMAC = ____
- p-SMAC = _____
Immunological Synapse
SupraMolecular Activating Complex (SMAC)
- c-SMAC = central
- p-SMAC = peripheral
62
Topic 10
T Cell Activation & Differentiation:
Steps
1) ______
2) ______
3) ______
- T cell activation starts with their ____ complex binding with processed peptide/MHC complex (Signal #1) and co-receptor
- T cells’ survival needs co-stimulatory signals: ______ (Signal #2)
- T cells’ differentiation requires cytokines from ____ (Signal #3)
Bank: Activation, CD28/B7, Differentiation, Survival, TCR-CD3, APC
T Cell Activation & Differentiation:
Steps
1) Activation
2) Survival
3) Differentiation
- T cell activation starts with their TCR-CD3 complex binding with processed peptide/MHC complex (Signal #1) and co-receptor
- T cells’ survival needs co-stimulatory signals:
CD28/B7 (Signal #2)
- T cells’ differentiation requires cytokines from APC (Signal #3)
63
Topic 10
T cell activation (signal 1)
- In a resting T cell, the ITAMs of the CD3 complex (are/ are not) phosphorylated
- Binding of MHC to the T cell receptor leads to ITAM phosphorylation by ___
- ____ binds phosphorylated xi ( ξ )-chain ITAMs and is phosphorylated by Lck
Bank: Lck, ZAP70
Topic 10
T cell activation (signal 1)
- In a resting T cell, the ITAMs of the CD3 complex are not phosphorylated
- Binding of MHC to the T cell receptor leads to ITAM phosphorylation by Lck
- ZAP70 binds phosphorylated xi ( ξ )-chain ITAMs and is phosphorylated by Lck
64
Topic 10
Naive T cell recognition of __________ presented by a dendritic cell initiates pathways of ______ that leads to clonal expansion and differentiation
Naive T cell recognition of specific antigens presented by a dendritic cell initiates pathways of signal transduction that leads to colon expansion and differentiation
65
Topic 10
T cell survival (signal 2)
- Co-stimulatory signal:
___ to ___
Production of ____ and (low or high) affinity IL-2R
Bank:
CD4, CD8, CD28, CD34, B7
IL-2, IL-7
T cell survival (signal 2)
- Co-stimulatory signal: CD28 to B7
- Production of IL-2 and high affinity IL-2R
66
Topic 10
____ and ___ are key factors for T Cell Survival
IL-2, IL-2R, IL-7
IL-2 and IL-2R Are Key Factors for T Cell Survival
67
Topic 10
T Cell Co-Stimulation or Anergy
- Antigen recognition by a naïve T cell in the absence of co-stimulation leads to the T cell becoming nonresponsive (___)
- Microbial components enhance co-stimulatory molecule (__) expression by DC, macrophage and B cells
- Protein immunization always comes with microbial components (____)
Bank: B7, adjuvants, anergic
T Cell Co-Stimulation or Anergy
- Antigen recognition by a naïve T cell in the absence of co-stimulation leads to the T cell becoming nonresponsive (Anergic)
- Microbial components enhance co-stimulatory molecule (B7) expression by DC, macrophage and B cells
- Protein immunization always comes with microbial components (Adjuvants)
68
Topic 10
- CTLA-4 Sends Negative Signal
- Expressed by activated __ cells
- Activation: Signals from the T cell receptor and the ____ costimulaotry receptor
- Inhibition: __ is preferentially bound by CTLA4 and no longer engages CD28
Bank:
T, B
CD28, CD4, CD8
B7, TCR
- CTLA-4 Sends Negative Signal
- Expressed by activated T cells
- Activation: Signals from the T cell receptor and the CD28 costimulaotry receptor
- Inhibition: B7 is preferentially bound by CTLA4 and no longer engages CD28
69
Topic 10
Cytokine Profile (Signal #3) Differentiates ____ T_ Cells
Bank: CD4+, CD8+, CD34+
Tc, Th
Cytokine Profile (Signal #3) Differentiates CD4+ Th Cells
70
Topic 10
Naïve CD8+ T Cell Are
Activated in Two Ways:
1) DC presents virus-deprived peptides to naive ___ T cell
2) DC presents virus-deprived peptides to ___ effector cell
- Depends on the __ expression on DCs
Bank: CD4, CD8, B7
Naïve CD8+ T Cell Are
Activated in Two Ways:
1) DC presents virus-deprived peptides to naive CD8 T cell
2) DC presents virus-deprived peptides to CD4 effector cell
- Depends on the B7 expression on DCs
71
Topic 10
Cell-Mediated Effector Responses
- ______: antigen non-specific
- ______: antigen specific
- ______: antigen specific
Bank:
Innate Immunity
Adaptive immunity
Both innate and adaptive immunities
Cell-Mediated Effector Responses
- Innate Immunity: antigen non-specific
- Innate and adaptive immunities: antigen specific
- Adaptive immunity: antigen specific
72
Topic 10
TH-1 Cells
- Activates _____: generation, transportation, activation
Bank: phagocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages
TH-1 Cells
- Activates macrophage: generation, transportation, activation
73
Topic 10
TH-2 cells
- Orchestrate the defense against ___ that colonize the tissues and surfaces of the
human body.
TH-2 cells
- Orchestrate the defense against parasites that colonize the tissues and surfaces of the
human body.
74
Topic 10
TH-17 cells
- Recruit and activate ____
- Respond to _____ of extracellular bacteria and fungi
- Produce ____, ____
- _____ antimicrobial peptide production
- Involved in chronic inflammatory reactions and ___ reactions
Bank: alpha chain, beta chain, IL-22, IL-17, infections, neutrophils, stop, stimulate, autoimmune
TH-17 cells
- Recruit and activate neutrophils
- Respond to infections of extracellular bacteria and fungi
- Produce IL-17, IL-22
- Stimulate antimicrobial peptide production
- Involve in chronic inflammatory reactions and autoimmune reactions
75
Topic 10
TFH Cells
- Help ___ cell development in germinal center: Isotype switching and _______
- _____ other T cells
- Improves _______
Bank: Cross regulate, T, B, affinity maturation, somatic hypermutation
TFH Cells
- Help B cell development in germinal center: Isotype switching and Somatic hypermutation
- Cross regulate other T cells
- Improves affinity maturation
76
Topic 10
Treg
- ______ Regulator of Immune Responses
- A subset of ____ T cells
- Express cell surface ____
and transcriptional repressor protein ____
- Make ____ and TGF-β
Bank:
FoxP3, positive, negative, CD25, CD4, CD8, CD34+, IL-10, IL-22, TGF-beta, TGF-alpha
Treg
- Negative Regulator of Immune Responses
- A subset of CD4 T cells
- Express cell surface CD25
and transcriptional repressor protein FoxP3
- Make IL-10 and TGF-β
77
Topic 10
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)
- Formation: _____
- Two ways of target cell killing:
1) _____ ( fragmentins ) pathway
2) _____ pathway
- Target cell destruction = ______
Bank: cytotoxins, conjugate, alpha chain, beta chain, Fas/ FasL, apoptosis
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs)
- Formation: conjugate
- Two ways of target cell killing:
1) Cytotoxins ( fragmentins ) pathway
2) Fas/ FasL pathway
- Target cell destruction = apoptosis
78
Topic 10
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- Not antigen specific: ____
- INF-a & -b, IL-12 & TNF-a ____ NK cells activity
- Inhibited by IL-10
- Effector functions:
1) cell ____, similar to CTLs
2) cytokine ____: INF-γ
- Killing/ No killing is determined by the balance of inhibitory and ____ receptor
Bank:
secretion, killing, expression
innate immunity, adaptive immunity
primary, activating
stops, slows down, enhances
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- Not antigen specific: innate immunity
- INF-a & -b, IL-12 & TNF-a enhances NK cells activity
- Inhibited by IL-10
- Effector functions:
1) cell killing, similar to CTLs
2) cytokine secretion: INF-γ
- Killing/No killing is determined by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptor
79
Topic 10
NK cells are inhibited by healthy cells via
_______________
NK cells are activated by viral infected cells via _______________
NK cells are inhibited by healthy cells via
inhibitory receptors
NK cells are activated by viral infected cells via activating receptors
80
Quiz 6
The interaction of CD28 on T cells with B7 (or CD80) on antigen presenting cells provides important signals for T cells' ____
a) maturation
b) differentiation
c) proliferation (survival)
d) activation
e) apoptosis
c) proliferation (survival)
81
Quiz 6
There are significant differences between B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs). Which statement below is INCORRECT?
a) TCR β genes allow four rearrangements
b) There is no somatic mutation and no isotype switching for TCR genes
c) There is no allelic exclusion of TCR β gene expression
d) TCRs are always membrane bound
e) TCRs bind to peptide/MHC complex
c) There is no allelic exclusion of TCR β gene expression
82
Quiz 6
Which of the following statements about Notch 1 is correct?
a) Notch 1 is expressed on cortical epithelial cells in thymus.
b) In the absence of Notch 1 expression, T cells can complete their differentiation.
c) The intracellular domain of Notch 1 is a transcriptional factor that initiates early T-cell development, like Pax-5 for B-cell development.
d) Notch 1 is expressed by both T cells and B cells.
e) Notch 1 is not expressed by T cells, nor B cells.
c) The intracellular domain of Notch 1 is a transcriptional factor that initiates early T-cell development, like Pax-5 for B-cell development.
83
Quiz 6
Which statement below is INCORRECT?
a) Positive selection determines self MHC restriction.
b) Negative selection removes foreign peptide/self MHC reactive T cells.
c) Positive selection determines CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells.
d) Negative selection removes self peptide/self MHC reactive T cells.
e) Positive selection and negative selection make single positive (CD4 or CD8) T cells that are foreign peptide/self MHC reactive.
b) Negative selection removes foreign peptide/self MHC reactive T cells.
84
Quiz 6
The area of contact between membranes of a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell, where a clustering of protein–protein interactions occur, is called a(n)_________.
a) immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)
b) polarization
c) cross-presentation center
d) T cell zone
e) immunological synapse
e) immunological synapse
85
Topic 11
Leukocyte Migration
- Immune cells need to move to different sites:
* __ cells: from bone marrow to secondary lymphoid
tissue
* __ cells: from thymus to secondary lymphoid tissues
Bank: T, B
Leukocyte Migration
- Immune cells need to move to different sites:
* B cells: from bone marrow to secondary lymphoid
tissue
* T cells: from thymus to secondary lymphoid tissues
86
Topic 11
What Determines Where Leukocytes Go?
- Chemokines and chemokine receptors: ____
- Cell adhesion molecules (CAM): ______
Bank: Extravasation, Chemotaxis
What Determines Where Leukocytes Go?
- Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Chemotaxis
- Cell adhesion molecules (CAM): Extravasation
87
Topic 11
Chemokines
- have two structures: CC and CXC
- CC: 2 ____ cysteines near amino terminus; promote migration of ______
- CXC: 2 cysteines separated by another amino acid; promote migration of ____
Bank:
adjacent, (lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells), neutrophils
Chemokines
- have two structures: CC and CXC
- CC: 2 adjacent cysteines near amino terminus; promote migration of lymphocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells
- CXC: 2 cysteines separated by another amino acid; promote migration of neutrophils
88
Topic 11
Chemotaxis
- Chemotaxis forms a _____, the (lower/ higher) the concentration gradient, that's where the cell goes
gradient; higher
89
Topic 11
Chemokine Receptor Mechanism
1) Chemokine ____ binds its receptor, forming a complex
2) Replacement of ____ activates the G protein and it dissociates from the receptor
3) Dissociates into alpha and _____ subunits; leads to ____
Bank:
chemotaxis, GDP, beta-gamma, CVCL8
Chemokine Receptor Mechanism
1) Chemokine CVCL8 binds its receptor, forming a complex
2) Replacement of GDP activates the G protein and it dissociates from the receptor
3) dissociates into alpha and beta-gamma subunits; leads to chemotaxis
90
Topic 11
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors
- Guide _______ Homing
1) Stromal cells and high endothelial venues (HEVs) secrete _____
2) DC accept CCL21 and go to the lymph node via ____
3) DC secrete ____ and ____. This attracts T cells to the lymph node
4) B cells go to the lymph node
5) B cells induce follicular dendritic cells, which secrete _____ to attract more B cells
Bank:
CXCL13, CCL18, CCL19, CCL21, lymphocytes, lymphatics
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors
- Guide Lymphocytes Homing
1) Stromal cells and high endothelial venues ( HEVs) secrete CCL21
2) DC accept CCL21 and go to the lymph node via lymphatics
3) DC secrete CCL18 and CCL19. This attracts T cells to the lymph node
4) B cells go to the lymph node
5) B cells induce follicular dendritic cells, which secrete CXCL13 to attract more B cells
91
Topic 11
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) (Addressin)
- ___: heavily glycosylated proteins that bind to selectins
- ___: heterodimeric
proteins (α and β chain)
- ___: variable Ig-like domains; bind to integrins
Bank:
ICAMS
Mucins
Integrins
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) (Addressin)
Mucins: heavily glycosylated proteins that bind to selectins
Integrins: heterodimeric proteins (α and β chain)
ICAMS: variable Ig-like domains; bind to integrins
92
Topic 11
Lymphocyte Extravasation at _____ Lymphoid Tissues
- High endothelial venules (HEVs):
* Specialized vascular endothelium in ______.
* Found in ____ secondary lymphoid organs.
* Maintained under the influence of ______.
* Express ____, mucins & ICAMs
Bank:
cytokines, postcapillary venules, Primary, Secondary, all, some, no, selectins
Lymphocyte Extravasation at Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
- High endothelial venules (HEVs):
* Specialized vascular endothelium in postcapillary venules.
* Found in all secondary lymphoid organs.
* Maintained under the influence of cytokines.
* Express selectins, mucins & ICAMs
93
Topic 11
Leukocyte Extravasation
1) _____: selectin to mucin: weak binding
2) _____: chemokine to chemokine receptor: integrin expression
3) _____: selectin to mucin + Ig-CAM to integrin: strong binding
4) _____: transmigration across the endothelial layer
Bank:
Activation, Adhesion, Diapedesis, Rolling
Leukocyte Extravasation
1) Rolling: selectin to mucin: weak binding
2) Activation: chemokine to chemokine receptor: integrin expression
3) Adhesion: selectin to mucin + Ig-CAM to integrin: strong binding
4) Diapedesis: transmigration across the endothelial layer
94
Topic 11
Effector T Cells Express Different Membrane Molecules From _____ cells
Bank:
B, T, Naïve B, Naïve T
Effector T Cells Express Different Membrane Molecules From Naïve T cells
95
Topic 11
VLA-4 Enables Effector T
Cells to Homing Infection Site
- _____ cells express L-selectin, whose ligand ____ is highly expressed by endothelial cells of HEV and home secondary lymphoid tissues
- _____ cells express integrin VLA-4, whose ligand ____, is highly expressed by endothelialcells of infected tissues and home Infected tissues
Bank:
Effector T, Naïve T, CD34, VCAM-1
- Naïve T cells express L-selectin, whose ligand CD34 is highly expressed by endothelial cells of HEV and home secondary lymphoid tissues
- Effector T cells express integrin VLA-4, whose ligand VCAM-1, is highly expressed by endothelialcells of infected tissues and home Infected tissues
96
Topic 11
Lymphocytes adopt (the same/ different) trafficking patterns
Lymphocytes Adopt Different
| Trafficking Patterns
97
Topic 11
Mucus is (lightly/heavily/not at all) glycosylated
Mucus is heavily glycosylated
98
Topic 11
Commensal Microorganisms (Hurt/ Help) the Host
Commensal Microorganisms Help the Host
99
Topic 11
Innate Immune Responses of
the Mucosal Epithelia
- ____ Barrier
- Anti-microbial substances: ____, _____, etc.
Bank: defensins, physical, cytokines
Innate Immune Responses of
the Mucosal Epithelia
- Physical Barrier
- Anti-microbial substances: defensins, cytokines, etc.
100
Topic 11
Pathogen Antigens Are Captured in Two Ways
1) M cell _____
2) DC _______
- Naïve T and B cells are activated in ____ (peyer’s patch, mesenteric lymph node, etc.)
Bank:
MALT, transcytosis, penetrating
Pathogen Antigens Are Captured in Two Ways
1) M cell transcytosis
2) DC penetrating
- Naïve T and B cells are activated in MALT (peyer’s patch, mesenteric lymph node, etc.)
101
Topic 11
Mucosae has (innate / adaptive) immunity
Mucosae has adaptive immunity
102
Topic 11
T Cells Are Transported to the _____ Area Through the _____
Bank: Cortex, Medulla, Lamina Propria, Mucosal
T Cells Are Transported to the Mucosal Area
| Through Lamina Propria
103
Topic 11
Antibodies are
transported to the
_____ area through
_____
Bank: Cortex, Medulla, Lamina Propria, Mucosal
Antibodies are
transported to the
mucosal area through
Lamina Propria
104
Topic 11
Antibodies become attached
to mucus and ready to bind
to ___________
Antibodies become attached
to mucus and ready to bind
to pathogenic organisms
105
Topic 11
Systemic Immunity vs
Mucosal Immunity
- _______ Immunity: inflammation,
turned on when infected.
- _______ Immunity: limited
inflammatory responses,
always on.
Bank:
Mucosal, Systemic
Systemic Immunity vs
Mucosal Immunity
- Systemic Immunity: inflammation,
turned on when infected.
- Mucosal Immunity: limited
inflammatory responses,
always on.
106
Topic 12
Immunological Memory and Vaccines
- ____ term memory: antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgE) for several months,
- ____-term memory: plasma cells, B cells and T cells for years or life-time
Bank: Long, Short
Immunological Memory and Vaccines
- Short term memory: antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgE) for several months,
- Long-term memory: plasma cells, B cells and T cells for years or life-time
107
Topic 12
Long-term Immune Memory
- The maintenance of long-term memory (does/ does not) need the presence of pathogen
The maintenance of long-term memory does not need the presence of pathogen
108
Topic 12
Cells of Immunological Memory (3)
Bank:
memory B cells, memory T cells, naïve T cells, long lived plasma cells, plasmids
Cells of Immunological Memory:
- long lived plasma cells
- memory B cells
- memory T cells
109
Topic 12
Memory B cells
- Memory B cells are from clones of B cells making the (lowest/ highest) -affinity antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgE)
- The number of memory B cells to an antigen is (less/ more) than naïve B cells to the same antigen
- Memory B cells express (lower/ higher) levels of MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules
- (Low/ High) levels of pathogen specific antibodies are maintained by long-lived plasma cells
Memory B cells
- Memory B cells are from clones of B cells making the highest-affinity antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgE)
- The number of memory B cells to an antigen is more than naïve B cells to the same antigen
- Memory B cells express higher levels of MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules
- Low levels of pathogen specific antibodies are maintained by long-lived plasma cells
110
Topic 12
```
- __________ Are
the Only B Cells
Respond to
Re-Invasion of
a Pathogen
```
- Naïve B Cells Express Negative _____ Receptor; Memory B Cells Don’t
Bank:
- memory B cells, memory T cells, FcγRIIBI, IgG
```
- Memory B Cells Are
the Only B Cells
Respond to
Re-Invasion of
a Pathogen
```
- Naïve B Cells Express Negative FcγRIIBI Receptor; Memory B Cells Don’t
111
Topic 12
Prevention of Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn
RhD- mother carrying RhD+ baby:
1st preg) (Anemic/ Healthy) baby
2nd preg) (Anemic/ Healthy) baby
RhD- mother carrying Rhd+ baby with anti-Rh IgG:
All preg) (Anemic/ Healthy) baby
Prevention of Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn
RhD- mother carrying RhD+ baby:
1st preg) Healthy baby
2nd preg) Anemic baby
RhD- mother carrying Rhd+ baby with anti-Rh IgG:
All preg) Healthy baby
112
Topic 12
Memory T Cells Express ( Same/ Different) Surface Markers compared to other T Cells
- _________: to secondary
lymphoid tissue and
be activated
- _________: to infection
sites and perform
effector function
- _________: long-term
survival
Bank:
Effector T cells
Naïve T cells
Memory T cells
Memory T Cells Express Different Surface Markers compared to other T Cells
- Naïve T cells: to secondary
lymphoid tissue and
be activated
- Effector T cells: to infection
sites and perform
effector function
- Memory T cells: long-term
survival
113
Topic 12
________: transfer of preformed antibodies or immune cells into recipients
no long-term memory
__________: stimulate immune responses against a pathogen with different agents related to the pathogen *Vaccination
*long-term memory
_______: When most of the population has antibodies; the disease can't spread
Bank:
Active immunization
Herd immunity
Passive immunization
Passive immunization: transfer of preformed antibodies or immune cells into recipients
no long-term memory
Active immunization: stimulate immune responses against a pathogen with different agents related to the pathogen - Vaccination
long-term memory
Herd immunity: When most of the population has antibodies; the disease can't spread
114
Topic 12
Vaccination is a procedure in which the (adaptive/ innate) immune system is manipulated in an antigen-specific manner to mimic infection by a particular pathogen and stimulate protective immunity against it without causing the disease itself.
Vaccination is a procedure in which the adaptive immune system is manipulated in an antigen-specific manner to mimic infection by a particular pathogen and stimulate protective immunity against it without causing the disease itself.
115
Topic 12
Live virus vaccine
- _____: using live smallpox viruses
Variolation
116
Topic 12
Viral Vaccine
_____________:
Mutating viruses to have no or less pathogenicity
(measles, mumps, polio, yellow fever)
Live-attenuated virus vaccine
117
Topic 12
Attenuated Vaccine By Recombinant DNA Techniques
- ______ is a vaccine against rotavirus generated from cattle viruses genetically modified
with human viral genes
RotaTeg
118
Topic 12
Viral Vaccines
- ________:
Using formalin, heat, irradiation to kill live viruses
(influenza, rabies, polio
Covid-19 (Kexing, China))
- ________:
Using antigenic viral components
(hepatitis B virus)
- ________
(Covid-19: Pfizer and Moderna)
Bank:
Subunit vaccine
Killed (inactivated) virus vaccine
mRNA vaccine
Viral Vaccines
- Killed (inactivated) virus vaccine:
Using formalin, heat, irradiation to kill live viruses
(influenza, rabies, polio
Covid-19 (Kexing, China))
- Subunit vaccine:
Using antigenic viral components
(hepatitis B virus)
- mRNA vaccine
(Covid-19: Pfizer and Moderna)
119
Topic 12
Bacterial Vaccines-
__________:
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
(Tuberculosis)
_________:
Pertussis (whooping cough)
_________:
Using inactivated bacterial toxins
(diphtheria and tetanus. DTP)
_____________:
Using purified bacterial capsular polysaccharides and conjugate protein (hapten/carrier)
(Haemophilus influenzae (meningitis))
Bank:
Live bacterial vaccine
Toxoid vaccine
Subunit and conjugate vaccine
Killed bacterial vaccine
Bacterial Vaccines-
Live bacterial vaccine:
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
Tuberculosis
Killed bacterial vaccine:
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Toxoid vaccine:
Using inactivated bacterial toxins
diphtheria and tetanus. DTP
```
Subunit and conjugate vaccine:
Using purified bacterial capsular polysaccharides and conjugate protein (hapten/carrier)
Haemophilus influenzae (meningitis)
```
120
Topic 12
Conjugated Vaccine
- __ cell becomes a plasma cell secreting anti-polysaccharide IgG
Bank:
B, T, Dendritic
Conjugated Vaccine
- B cell becomes a plasma cell secreting anti-polysaccharide IgG
121
Topic 12
Immunostimulating Complexes (ISCOMs)
1) ______ membrane antigens or antigenic properties
2) _____ delivery of antigen into cell
Bank:
Detergent-extracted
ISCOM
Immunostimulating Complexes (ISCOMs)
1) Detergent-extracted membrane antigens or antigenic properties
2) ISCOM delivery of antigen into cell
122
Topic 12
Challenges of vaccines:
- Vaccination can cause diseases
* Pathogen related: _____ cases in Nigeria
* Carrier related: ____?
- No successful vaccines for ____ pathogens
- Vaccine for ___ remains to be developed
- Vaccine development faces greater public scrutiny
Bank:
autism, chronic, HIV, polio
Challenges of vaccines:
- Vaccination can cause diseases
* Pathogen related: polio cases in Nigeria
* Carrier related: autism?
- No successful vaccines for chronic pathogens
- Vaccine for HIV remains to be developed
- Vaccine development faces greater public scrutiny
