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IMMS 1 Flashcards

(128 cards)

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1
Q

What are two types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin, Heterochromatin

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2
Q

Which type of chromatin is expressed?

A

Euchromatin (loose coils- easily expressed
- gene transcription occur)

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3
Q

Which type of chromatin is repressed?

A

Heterochromatin (tighter wound- hard expressed)

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4
Q

What is DNA wrapped round?

A

Histone proteins

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5
Q

What is function nucleolus?

A

rRNA synthesis- production ribosomes

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6
Q

What is function mitochondria?

A

Main site ATP synthesis

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7
Q

Function SER?

A

Mmebrane lipid synthesis, protein storage, phase 1 detoxification

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8
Q

Function RER?

A

Site protein synthesis
Lots ribosomes

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9
Q

What are 3 parts of golgi? Function

A

Cis- receives protein/lipid vesicles
Medial- modifies- adds sugars
Trans- releases- package into vesicle- exocytosed

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10
Q

Which cell is easy to see golgi?

A

Plasma cell- perinuclear hoff

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11
Q

Function lysosomes?

A

Protein degradation

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12
Q

How does lysosome achieve protein degradation?

A

pH5 maintained by H+/K+ ATPase

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13
Q

What are two types of vesicles?

A

Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

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14
Q

Function of peroxisime? (2)

A

Beta oxidation FA
Produces and destroys hydrogen peroxide

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15
Q

What makes up cytoskeleton? (3)

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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16
Q

What is diameter of microtubules?
Motor protein?
Function microtubules? (2)

A

Diameter- 25nm (biggest)
Motor protein- tubulin
Function- mitosis, component cilia

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17
Q

What is diameter of intermediate filament?
Motor proteins?
Function intermediate filament? (2)

A

Diameter- 10nm (middle)
No motor proteins
Function- maintain cell integrity, cell to cell contact

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18
Q

What is diameter of microfilaments?
Motor proteins?
Function microfilaments? (2)

A

Diameter- 5-7nm (smallest)
Motor protein- myosin
Function- maintain cell integrity, motility

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19
Q

What is lipofuscin?
What colour?

A

Wear and tear pigment
Undergone oxidative lipid degradation
Brown

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20
Q

Where are lipids stored?

A

Adipocytes
Subcutaneous
Liver

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21
Q

What is glycoprotein?
Where is stored?

A

Glucose reserve
Stored in skeletal muscle and liver

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22
Q

Function of cell membrane? (5)

A

1) Semi-permeable- allow certain mol diffuse
2) Maintain structural integrity cell
3) Boundary- seperate intra and extracellular content
4) Contains receptors for self and foreign ID
5) Link adjacent cells

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23
Q

What are 2 membrane proteins?

A

Receptors
Channel

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24
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Outside binding- eg Ach
Triggers intracellular response

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25
What are types of receptor proteins? (3) Most common?
1) Enzyme linked 2) Ion channel 3) G coupled- most common
26
What occurs in G coupled protein receptors?
Extracellular binding activated transduction pathway Cascade internal reactions
27
What are diff types channel proteins? (3)
1) Ligand gated (depend ligand binding open) Ligand chemical substance binds 2) Voltage gated- impulse transmission 3) Mechanical gated- open when stretched
28
What are 4 types of cell to cell junctions?
1) Tight junctions 2) Adherens 3) Desmosomes 4) Gap junctions
29
Function tight junctions? found?
No passage between cells GI tract BBB
30
Function adherens?
Bind adjacent actin bundles cells Actin to actin
31
Function desmosomes?
Bind adjacent intermediate filaments Intermediate filament to intermediate filament
32
Function gap junctions? What imp?
Allow adjacent passage ions and molecules Key myocardium contraction at same time
33
Is diff/osmosis down or up gradient?
Down conc. gradient
34
What is facilitated diffusion?
Move down conc grad with protein
35
What 2 types active transport?
Primary- direct, Na+/KATPase Secondary- cotransport, NaGlucose
36
Define exocytosis Why does it occur?
Vesicles bud off CSM Too big/hydrophobic for diffusion
37
Define endocytosis?
Intake of molecules in phagosome vacuole
38
What are 3 types of endocytosis? What are they?
1) Phagocytosis- eating, engulf whole cells by neutrophil and macrophages 2) Pinocytosis- drinking, engulf dissolved solutes 3) Receptor mediated- engulf ligand-receptor complex
39
Definition of homeostasis?
Maintain constant internal conditions in normal range
40
What 3 modes of communication in homeostasis?
Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine
41
Where does autocrine act, where does it secrete?
Autocrine- act same cell - secretion into ECF Auto- self
42
Where does paracrine act, where does it secrete? E.g
Paracrine- act neighbouring cell - secretion into ECF - ACh
43
Where does endocrine act, where does secrete?
Endocrine- act distant cell - secretion into blood - ADH from posterior pit.
44
What is negative feedback? E.g
Any deviation away from normal then return to normal Highly regulated Maintaining body temperature
45
What is positive feedback? E.g
Amplification away from normal Blood clotting
46
What are 3 types of hormones?
Peptide Amino acid derivative Steroid
47
What are peptide hormones made from? Soluble in what? Released into what? What does it bind to? Fast or slow acting? What response does produce? Is it premade and stored?
Made amino acids Water soluble Released directly blood Binds to CSM Fast acting- produce intracellular response Premade and stored in vesicles (won't suit fatty inside)
48
2 examples of peptide hormones?
ADH, insulin
49
What are steroid hormones made from? Soluble in what? Released into what? What does it bind to/enter? Fast or slow acting? What response does produce? Is it premade and stored?
Made cholesterol Lipid soluble Transported by protein in blood (albumin) Diffuse through CSM Slow acting Not premade, not stored (suit fatty intracell)
50
Give two examples of steroid hormones?
Oestrogen, testosterone
51
What are AA derived hormones made from? Soluble in what? Released into what? What does it bind to? Fast or slow acting? What response does produce? Is it premade and stored?
(same peptide) Made 1 amino acid Water soluble Released directly blood Binds to CSM Fast acting- produce intracellular response Premade and stored in vesicles
52
What is example of amino acid derivative?
Adrenaline
53
Draw water distribution 70kg male?
54
How many L of water in 70kg male? What percent?
42L 60%
55
How many L of water in ICF (inside cells) Proportion
28L 2/3
56
What is main intracellular ion?
K+ (Potassium)
57
How many L of water in ECF (outside cells) Proportion
14L 1/3
58
What is ECF divided into?
IF- interstitial fluids- outside BV Plasma- inside BV
59
What is extracellular fluid main ion?
Na+
60
How many L water in IF?
11L
61
How many L water in plasms?
3L
62
What is sensible loss? 2 examples?
Measurable Urine, vomit
63
What is insensible loss? 2 examples?
Unmeasurable Sweat, breath
64
What is main regulation water loss?
Kidney
65
What is function RAAS system?
Maintain BP
66
When is RAAS system activated? What senses (2)?
When decrease BP Detected by juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arteriole of kidney OR Decrease NaCl detected by macula densa cells of distal convoluted tubule
67
Where is renin released from?
Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney
68
What releases angiotensinogen?
Liver
69
Outline process RAAS system?
1) Low BP detected by- juxtaglomerular cells of kidney Low NaCl detected by- macula densa cells of distal convoluted tubule 2) Angiotensinogen released by liver 3) Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells of kidney 4) Angiotensinogen cleaved by renin become angiotensin 1 5) Angiotensin 1 converted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) from lungs to angiotensin II 6) Activates: ADH Aldosterone Sympathetic NS
70
Draw out flow chart RAAS system?
71
What enzymes used in RAAS? Released from where?
Renin- released juxtaglomerular cells liver Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)- lungs
72
Function of renin?
Cleave angiotensinogen form angiotensin 1
73
Function of ACE?
Convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin II
74
What are 3 effects angiotensin II?
Activate sympathetic NS Activate ADH Activate Aldosterone
75
Function of ADH? Where released?
Released from posterior pituitary Act on AP-II proteins in collecting ducts Increase collecting duct permeability Increase H20 retention More water, more ECF, higher BP
76
Function of aldosterone?
Increase sodium reabsorption in ascending limb of LOH Excretion K+ in exchange for sodium Water follows sodium- obligatory H20 movement in response to sodium ion movement Therefore more water, ECF higher meaning BP increase
77
Where is aldosterone released from?
Suprarenal cortex of adrenal glands
78
What is antagonist of aldosterone? Where released? Function
ANP- atrial niaturetic peptide hormone Released from atria Reduce BP
79
What can excess water cause?
Oedema
80
Define osmolaRity?
Conc/Litre solution (OPP)
81
Define osmolality?
Conc/Kg solution (OPP)
82
Define osmotic pressure?
Pressure exerted by pure solvent on solution needed to prevent inward osmosis Solvent to solution
83
Define oncotic pressure?
Plasma protein (Albumin) pressure on capillary wall keeping fluid in In
84
Define hydrostatic pressure?
Fluid pressure wanting move out of capillary Out
85
What is high sodium called? Causes? Symptoms?
Hypernatremia Causes- dehydration, increase aldosterone, kidney failure Symptoms- oedema, high bp
86
What is low sodium called? Causes? Symptoms?
Hyponatremia Causes- excess water, low aldosterone Symptoms- low bp
87
What is high potassium called? Causes? Symptoms?
Hyperkalemia Causes- kidney failure, low aldosterone, alkalosis Symptoms- nerve and muscle issues
88
What is low potassium called? Causes? Symptoms?
Hypokalemia Cause- diarrohea, acidosis, increased aldosterone Symptoms- weakness, heart issues
89
What is high calcium called? Causes? Symptoms?
Hypercalcemia Cause- High PTH, skeletal metastasis, high vitD Symptoms- bone and muscle weakness, calcification
90
What is low potassium called? Causes? Symptoms?
Hypocalcemia Causes- low PTH, low vit S Symptoms- muscle spasms
91
What is formula for carbohydrates?
CnH2On
92
Give examples of carbohydrates? How many?
Mono- 1 Di- 2 Oligo- several Poly- many
93
What are 2 main lipids?
Triglycerides Phospholipids
94
What is characteristic of triglyceride and phospholipid?
Ampiphatic- dually charged Negative outside Positive tails
95
What is triglyceride made of?
1 glycerol 3 FA tails
96
What is structure of phospholipid?
Phosphate group Glycerol 2 FA chains
97
What are bonds in triglycerides?
Hydrophobic ester bonds
98
How many calories in gram carb?
4 kcal/g
99
How many calories in gram lipid? How energy obtained
9kcal/gram FA beta oxidation
100
Function of lipid (4)
Source energy Protection Lubrication Waterproofing
101
What is structure of nucleotide?
Phosphate, pentose sugar, base
102
Structure of nucleoside?
Pentose sugar and base (NO PHOSPHATE)
103
What are bonds in nucleotide?
Phosphodiester bond
104
What are purines?
A and G 2 rings
105
What are pyramidine?
C, T and U
106
How many bonds between A and T?
2H bonds
107
How many bonds between C and G?
3H bonds
108
What does uracil replace and bind to?
Replace thymine Bind Adenine- UA
109
How many amino acids are naturally occuring?
20
110
How many essential amino acids are there?
8
111
What are amino acids monomers of?
Peptide
112
What bond is present in amino acids?
Peptide
113
What are properties of protein affected by?
R group
114
What are 4 lvls structure in protein? Form
1- linear sequence aa 2- H bonds- alpha helix, beta pleated 3- 3D folding- ionic, disulphide bridges 4- interaction between more 1 ppt chain
115
Where di you find disulphide bridges?
S double bonds Cysteine
116
Give example of quaternary bonding?
Haemoglobin
117
What are enzymes?
Protein- tertiary Bind to substrate to increase ROR by decreasing Ea Optimal at pH
118
What are coenzymes?
Not proteins Bind to enzymes aid function
119
What is structure of Hb?
2 alpha 2 beta
120
What is normal Hb?
HbA
121
What is foetal Hb?
HbF 2 alpha 2Y - higher O2 affinity
122
What is sickle cell Hb?
HbS 2 alpha 2 mutated beta
123
Where does mutation of sickle cell hb occur?
Mutation on beta chain of 11p arm
124
Is sickle cell autosomal recessive or dominant?
Autosomal recessive disease
125
How many carriers? How many affected?
1/25 1/2500*
126
What mutation occurs in sickle cell?
Substitution GAG to GTG Valine coded for instead Glutamic acid
127
What does autosomal mean?
Non sex chromosome
128
Effect of sickle cell? (3)
Reduce SA RBC Less flexible More prone damage

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