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Harroon > IMMS 1 > Flashcards

IMMS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two types of chromatin?

A

Euchromatin, Heterochromatin

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2
Q

Which type of chromatin is expressed?

A

Euchromatin (loose coils- easily expressed
- gene transcription occur)

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3
Q

Which type of chromatin is repressed?

A

Heterochromatin (tighter wound- hard expressed)

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4
Q

What is DNA wrapped round?

A

Histone proteins

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5
Q

What is function nucleolus?

A

rRNA synthesis- production ribosomes

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6
Q

What is function mitochondria?

A

Main site ATP synthesis

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7
Q

Function SER?

A

Mmebrane lipid synthesis, protein storage, phase 1 detoxification

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8
Q

Function RER?

A

Site protein synthesis
Lots ribosomes

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9
Q

What are 3 parts of golgi? Function

A

Cis- receives protein/lipid vesicles
Medial- modifies- adds sugars
Trans- releases- package into vesicle- exocytosed

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10
Q

Which cell is easy to see golgi?

A

Plasma cell- perinuclear hoff

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11
Q

Function lysosomes?

A

Protein degradation

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12
Q

How does lysosome achieve protein degradation?

A

pH5 maintained by H+/K+ ATPase

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13
Q

What are two types of vesicles?

A

Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

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14
Q

Function of peroxisime? (2)

A

Beta oxidation FA
Produces and destroys hydrogen peroxide

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15
Q

What makes up cytoskeleton? (3)

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

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16
Q

What is diameter of microtubules?
Motor protein?
Function microtubules? (2)

A

Diameter- 25nm (biggest)
Motor protein- tubulin
Function- mitosis, component cilia

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17
Q

What is diameter of intermediate filament?
Motor proteins?
Function intermediate filament? (2)

A

Diameter- 10nm (middle)
No motor proteins
Function- maintain cell integrity, cell to cell contact

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18
Q

What is diameter of microfilaments?
Motor proteins?
Function microfilaments? (2)

A

Diameter- 5-7nm (smallest)
Motor protein- myosin
Function- maintain cell integrity, motility

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19
Q

What is lipofuscin?
What colour?

A

Wear and tear pigment
Undergone oxidative lipid degradation
Brown

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20
Q

Where are lipids stored?

A

Adipocytes
Subcutaneous
Liver

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21
Q

What is glycoprotein?
Where is stored?

A

Glucose reserve
Stored in skeletal muscle and liver

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22
Q

Function of cell membrane? (5)

A

1) Semi-permeable- allow certain mol diffuse
2) Maintain structural integrity cell
3) Boundary- seperate intra and extracellular content
4) Contains receptors for self and foreign ID
5) Link adjacent cells

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23
Q

What are 2 membrane proteins?

A

Receptors
Channel

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24
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Outside binding- eg Ach
Triggers intracellular response

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25
Q

What are types of receptor proteins? (3) Most common?

A

1) Enzyme linked
2) Ion channel
3) G coupled- most common

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26
Q

What occurs in G coupled protein receptors?

A

Extracellular binding activated transduction pathway
Cascade internal reactions

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27
Q

What are diff types channel proteins? (3)

A

1) Ligand gated (depend ligand binding open)
Ligand chemical substance binds
2) Voltage gated- impulse transmission
3) Mechanical gated- open when stretched

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28
Q

What are 4 types of cell to cell junctions?

A

1) Tight junctions
2) Adherens
3) Desmosomes
4) Gap junctions

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29
Q

Function tight junctions? found?

A

No passage between cells
GI tract
BBB

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30
Q

Function adherens?

A

Bind adjacent actin bundles cells
Actin to actin

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31
Q

Function desmosomes?

A

Bind adjacent intermediate filaments
Intermediate filament to intermediate filament

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32
Q

Function gap junctions? What imp?

A

Allow adjacent passage ions and molecules
Key myocardium contraction at same time

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33
Q

Is diff/osmosis down or up gradient?

A

Down conc. gradient

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34
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Move down conc grad with protein

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35
Q

What 2 types active transport?

A

Primary- direct, Na+/KATPase
Secondary- cotransport, NaGlucose

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36
Q

Define exocytosis
Why does it occur?

A

Vesicles bud off CSM
Too big/hydrophobic for diffusion

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37
Q

Define endocytosis?

A

Intake of molecules in phagosome vacuole

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38
Q

What are 3 types of endocytosis?
What are they?

A

1) Phagocytosis- eating, engulf whole cells by neutrophil and macrophages
2) Pinocytosis- drinking, engulf dissolved solutes
3) Receptor mediated- engulf ligand-receptor complex

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39
Q

Definition of homeostasis?

A

Maintain constant internal conditions in normal range

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40
Q

What 3 modes of communication in homeostasis?

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine

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41
Q

Where does autocrine act, where does it secrete?

A

Autocrine- act same cell
- secretion into ECF
Auto- self

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42
Q

Where does paracrine act, where does it secrete? E.g

A

Paracrine- act neighbouring cell
- secretion into ECF
- ACh

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43
Q

Where does endocrine act, where does secrete?

A

Endocrine- act distant cell
- secretion into blood
- ADH from posterior pit.

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44
Q

What is negative feedback? E.g

A

Any deviation away from normal then return to normal
Highly regulated
Maintaining body temperature

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45
Q

What is positive feedback? E.g

A

Amplification away from normal
Blood clotting

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46
Q

What are 3 types of hormones?

A

Peptide
Amino acid derivative
Steroid

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47
Q

What are peptide hormones made from?
Soluble in what?
Released into what?
What does it bind to?
Fast or slow acting?
What response does produce?
Is it premade and stored?

A

Made amino acids
Water soluble
Released directly blood
Binds to CSM
Fast acting- produce intracellular response
Premade and stored in vesicles (won’t suit fatty inside)

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48
Q

2 examples of peptide hormones?

A

ADH, insulin

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49
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?
Soluble in what?
Released into what?
What does it bind to/enter?
Fast or slow acting?
What response does produce?
Is it premade and stored?

A

Made cholesterol
Lipid soluble
Transported by protein in blood (albumin)
Diffuse through CSM
Slow acting
Not premade, not stored (suit fatty intracell)

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50
Q

Give two examples of steroid hormones?

A

Oestrogen, testosterone

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51
Q

What are AA derived hormones made from?
Soluble in what?
Released into what?
What does it bind to?
Fast or slow acting?
What response does produce?
Is it premade and stored?

A

(same peptide)
Made 1 amino acid
Water soluble
Released directly blood
Binds to CSM
Fast acting- produce intracellular response
Premade and stored in vesicles

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52
Q

What is example of amino acid derivative?

A

Adrenaline

53
Q

Draw water distribution 70kg male?

A
54
Q

How many L of water in 70kg male?
What percent?

A

42L
60%

55
Q

How many L of water in ICF (inside cells)
Proportion

A

28L
2/3

56
Q

What is main intracellular ion?

A

K+ (Potassium)

57
Q

How many L of water in ECF (outside cells)
Proportion

A

14L
1/3

58
Q

What is ECF divided into?

A

IF- interstitial fluids- outside BV
Plasma- inside BV

59
Q

What is extracellular fluid main ion?

A

Na+

60
Q

How many L water in IF?

A

11L

61
Q

How many L water in plasms?

A

3L

62
Q

What is sensible loss? 2 examples?

A

Measurable
Urine, vomit

63
Q

What is insensible loss? 2 examples?

A

Unmeasurable
Sweat, breath

64
Q

What is main regulation water loss?

A

Kidney

65
Q

What is function RAAS system?

A

Maintain BP

66
Q

When is RAAS system activated? What senses (2)?

A

When decrease BP
Detected by juxtaglomerular cells in afferent arteriole of kidney
OR
Decrease NaCl detected by macula densa cells of distal convoluted tubule

67
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney

68
Q

What releases angiotensinogen?

A

Liver

69
Q

Outline process RAAS system?

A

1) Low BP detected by- juxtaglomerular cells of kidney
Low NaCl detected by- macula densa cells of distal
convoluted tubule
2) Angiotensinogen released by liver
3) Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells of kidney
4) Angiotensinogen cleaved by renin become angiotensin 1
5) Angiotensin 1 converted by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) from lungs to angiotensin II
6) Activates: ADH
Aldosterone
Sympathetic NS

70
Q

Draw out flow chart RAAS system?

A
71
Q

What enzymes used in RAAS?
Released from where?

A

Renin- released juxtaglomerular cells liver
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)- lungs

72
Q

Function of renin?

A

Cleave angiotensinogen form angiotensin 1

73
Q

Function of ACE?

A

Convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin II

74
Q

What are 3 effects angiotensin II?

A

Activate sympathetic NS
Activate ADH
Activate Aldosterone

75
Q

Function of ADH? Where released?

A

Released from posterior pituitary
Act on AP-II proteins in collecting ducts
Increase collecting duct permeability
Increase H20 retention
More water, more ECF, higher BP

76
Q

Function of aldosterone?

A

Increase sodium reabsorption in ascending limb of LOH
Excretion K+ in exchange for sodium
Water follows sodium- obligatory H20 movement in response to sodium ion movement
Therefore more water, ECF higher meaning BP increase

77
Q

Where is aldosterone released from?

A

Suprarenal cortex of adrenal glands

78
Q

What is antagonist of aldosterone? Where released?
Function

A

ANP- atrial niaturetic peptide hormone
Released from atria
Reduce BP

79
Q

What can excess water cause?

A

Oedema

80
Q

Define osmolaRity?

A

Conc/Litre solution (OPP)

81
Q

Define osmolality?

A

Conc/Kg solution (OPP)

82
Q

Define osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by pure solvent on solution needed to prevent inward osmosis
Solvent to solution

83
Q

Define oncotic pressure?

A

Plasma protein (Albumin) pressure on capillary wall keeping fluid in
In

84
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure?

A

Fluid pressure wanting move out of capillary
Out

85
Q

What is high sodium called?
Causes?
Symptoms?

A

Hypernatremia
Causes- dehydration, increase aldosterone, kidney failure
Symptoms- oedema, high bp

86
Q

What is low sodium called?
Causes?
Symptoms?

A

Hyponatremia
Causes- excess water, low aldosterone
Symptoms- low bp

87
Q

What is high potassium called?
Causes?
Symptoms?

A

Hyperkalemia
Causes- kidney failure, low aldosterone, alkalosis
Symptoms- nerve and muscle issues

88
Q

What is low potassium called?
Causes?
Symptoms?

A

Hypokalemia
Cause- diarrohea, acidosis, increased aldosterone
Symptoms- weakness, heart issues

89
Q

What is high calcium called?
Causes?
Symptoms?

A

Hypercalcemia
Cause- High PTH, skeletal metastasis, high vitD
Symptoms- bone and muscle weakness, calcification

90
Q

What is low potassium called?
Causes?
Symptoms?

A

Hypocalcemia
Causes- low PTH, low vit S
Symptoms- muscle spasms

91
Q

What is formula for carbohydrates?

A

CnH2On

92
Q

Give examples of carbohydrates? How many?

A

Mono- 1
Di- 2
Oligo- several
Poly- many

93
Q

What are 2 main lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids

94
Q

What is characteristic of triglyceride and phospholipid?

A

Ampiphatic- dually charged
Negative outside
Positive tails

95
Q

What is triglyceride made of?

A

1 glycerol
3 FA tails

96
Q

What is structure of phospholipid?

A

Phosphate group
Glycerol
2 FA chains

97
Q

What are bonds in triglycerides?

A

Hydrophobic ester bonds

98
Q

How many calories in gram carb?

A

4 kcal/g

99
Q

How many calories in gram lipid? How energy obtained

A

9kcal/gram
FA beta oxidation

100
Q

Function of lipid (4)

A

Source energy
Protection
Lubrication
Waterproofing

101
Q

What is structure of nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, pentose sugar, base

102
Q

Structure of nucleoside?

A

Pentose sugar and base (NO PHOSPHATE)

103
Q

What are bonds in nucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester bond

104
Q

What are purines?

A

A and G
2 rings

105
Q

What are pyramidine?

A

C, T and U

106
Q

How many bonds between A and T?

A

2H bonds

107
Q

How many bonds between C and G?

A

3H bonds

108
Q

What does uracil replace and bind to?

A

Replace thymine
Bind Adenine- UA

109
Q

How many amino acids are naturally occuring?

A

20

110
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

8

111
Q

What are amino acids monomers of?

A

Peptide

112
Q

What bond is present in amino acids?

A

Peptide

113
Q

What are properties of protein affected by?

A

R group

114
Q

What are 4 lvls structure in protein? Form

A

1- linear sequence aa
2- H bonds- alpha helix, beta pleated
3- 3D folding- ionic, disulphide bridges
4- interaction between more 1 ppt chain

115
Q

Where di you find disulphide bridges?

A

S double bonds
Cysteine

116
Q

Give example of quaternary bonding?

A

Haemoglobin

117
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein- tertiary
Bind to substrate to increase ROR by decreasing Ea
Optimal at pH

118
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Not proteins
Bind to enzymes aid function

119
Q

What is structure of Hb?

A

2 alpha
2 beta

120
Q

What is normal Hb?

A

HbA

121
Q

What is foetal Hb?

A

HbF
2 alpha
2Y - higher O2 affinity

122
Q

What is sickle cell Hb?

A

HbS
2 alpha
2 mutated beta

123
Q

Where does mutation of sickle cell hb occur?

A

Mutation on beta chain of 11p arm

124
Q

Is sickle cell autosomal recessive or dominant?

A

Autosomal recessive disease

125
Q

How many carriers?
How many affected?

A

1/25
1/2500*

126
Q

What mutation occurs in sickle cell?

A

Substitution
GAG to GTG
Valine coded for instead Glutamic acid

127
Q

What does autosomal mean?

A

Non sex chromosome

128
Q

Effect of sickle cell? (3)

A

Reduce SA RBC
Less flexible
More prone damage

Harroon (5 decks)

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