IMMS Flashcards
(28 cards)
structure of DNA
double helix, complimentary base pairs ( A - T & C - G)
number of chromosomes in human body
- 46 chromosomes
- 22 pairs (autosomes) and 1 pair of sex chromosomes ( XY - male & XX - female)
karyotype definition
number and appearance of chromosomes in a cell
mitosis definition
- to produce 2 daughter cells, genetically identical to parent cells, growth, and replace dead cells
meiosis definition
- Recombination of genetic material that results in genetic diversity
male to make transmission is always which inheritance pattern
autosomal dominant
3 types of hormone
- peptide (insulin, GH, TSH)
- steroid (testosterone, oestrogen, cortisol)
- amino acid (adrenaline, T4, T3)
Predominant ICF electrolyte
potassium
Predominant ECF electrolytes
- sodium
- chloride
- bicarbonate
- calcium (heart and muscle)
Total body water is ____L, made up of ____L ICF and ____L ECF
- total body water = 42L (60% body weight)
- 40% of body weight = 28L (ICF)
- 20% of body weight = 14L (ECF)
Osmolality and osmolarity definition
- osmolality: measure of the number of dissolved particles by kg of fluid
- osmolality: measure of the number of dissolved particles by L of fluid
Describe what happens when RAAS system detects decreased renal blood flow
- renin release (juxtoglomerulus)
- renin converts angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I
- ACE (lungs/ kidneys) converts angiotensin I -> angiotensin II
- angiotensin II: inc sympathetic activity, arteriolar vasoconstriction, ADH (post. pituitary), aldosterone (adrenal) - inc Na reabsorption/ K excretion
- water and salt retention -> inc in circulating volume
Energy given from carbohydrates/ protein/ alcohol/ lipids
- carbohydrates: 4kcal/g
- protein: 4kcal/g
- alcohol: 7kcal/g
- lipid: 9kcal/g
Basal metabolic rate definition
BMR: amount of energy needed to keep the body alive at the rest state
* 1kcal/kg body mass/ hr
factors that increase BMR
- high BMI
- hyperthyroidism
- low ambient temperature
- fever/ infection
- pregnancy
- exercise
factors that decrease BMR
- old age
- gender (females have less metabolically active tissue)
- starvation
- hypothyroidism
How is excess energy stored in the body?
- triglycerides (excess lipid)
- glycogen (excess glucose)
- protein
Describe how diabetic ketoacidosis occurs
- reduced glucose supply (glycogen) due to insufficient insulin
- liver breaks down fatty acids into ketones
- the conc. of ketones in the blood becomes too high for the tissues to oxidise them (usually buffered by bicarbonate from kidneys)
- ketones build up -> blood pH lowers (metabolic acidosis)
Ideal blood pH
- ideal pH = 7.4
- alkalosis = pH>7.45
- acidosis = pH<7.35
What causes respiratory acidosis?
- most common cause = decreased alveolar ventilation -> decreased excretion of CO2
- PaCO2 >6kPa
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
- excessive excretion of CO2 - hyperventilation (anxiety)
- also from severe asthma/ moderate PE
- PaCO2 < 4.5kPa
What are the 4 causes of metabolic acidosis?
- excess of acid (most common) - tissue hypoxia -> anaerobic metabolism -> lactic acid
- inadequate H+ excretion - renal failure/ endocrine disturbances (eg Addison’s)
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- reduced buffering capacity - loss of small bowel/ excessive diarrhoea -> loss of large amounts of bicarbonate (cholera/ Crohn’s)
What are the 3 causes of metabolic alkalosis?
- excess H+ loss - prolonged vomiting/ pyloric stenosis
- excessive reabsorption of bicarbonate - loss of chloride (prolonged vomiting/ diuretic drugs) cause increase in bicarb reabsorption to compensate
- ingestion of alkalis
Difference in compensation time of respiratory and metabolic acidosis/ alkalosis
- respiratory: compensation time is very quick - rapid response, limited effect
- metabolic: compensation time is longer - delayed response - the acidosis/ alkalosis has a greater effect
