IMMS Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What does the term “torso” refer to?
A
The central part of the body, including the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
2
Q
What is the “trunk” in anatomical terms?
A
The body minus the neck, head, and limbs
3
Q
What does “thorax” refer to?
A
The upper part of the torso, from the neck to the diaphragm
4
Q
What is the “abdomen”?
A
The part of the torso between the diaphragm and pelvic bones
5
Q
Where is the “pelvis” located?
A
Between the abdomen and the start of the lower limbs
6
Q
What does the “back” refer to anatomically?
A
The posterior surface of the torso
7
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
Standing up, feet flat, facing forward, arms by sides, palms forward
8
Q
What does “superior” mean?
A
Above something else. Example: The brain is superior to the heart
9
Q
What does “inferior” mean?
A
Below something else. Example: The pelvis is inferior to the thorax
10
Q
What does “anterior” or “ventral” mean?
A
Towards the front. Example: The nose is anterior to the ears
11
Q
What does “posterior” or “dorsal” mean?
A
Towards the back. Example: The spine is posterior to the sternum
12
Q
What does “medial” mean?
A
Closer to the midline. Example: The big toe is medial to the little toe
13
Q
What does “lateral” mean?
A
Further from the midline. Example: The thumb is lateral to the palm
14
Q
What does “proximal” mean?
A
Closer to the origin. Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist
15
Q
What does “distal” mean?
A
Further from the origin. Example: The toes are distal to the knee
16
Q
What does “ipsilateral” mean?
A
On the same side of the body. Example: The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral
17
Q
What does “contralateral” mean?
A
On opposite sides of the body. Example: The right arm and left leg are contralateral
18
Q
What does “deep” mean?
A
Further away from the surface. Example: The heart is deep to the sternum
19
Q
What does “superficial” mean?
A
Closer to the surface. Example: The skin is superficial to muscle
20
Q
What does “supine” mean?
A
Lying on the back, face up
21
Q
What does “prone” mean?
A
Lying face down, on the front
22
Q
What does “cranial” mean?
A
Towards the head. Example: The brain is cranial to the spinal cord
23
Q
What does “caudal” mean?
A
Towards the tail. Example: The pelvis is caudal to the abdomen
24
Q
What does “rostral” mean?
A
Towards the face. Example: The frontal lobe is rostral to the occipital lobe
25
What is the coronal plane?
A face-on view dividing the body into front and back
26
What is the sagittal plane?
A side-on view dividing the body into left and right
27
What is the transverse plane?
A horizontal view dividing the body into upper and lower parts
28
What is the axial skeleton?
The core skeleton: skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
29
What is the appendicular skeleton?
The bones of the limbs, including the shoulder blades, collarbones, and hips
30
What are synovial joints?
Joints with a cavity filled with fluid that allow movement. Example: Shoulder, knee
31
What are fibrous joints?
Joints where bones are connected by fibrous tissue and have no movement. Example: Skull sutures
32
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints where bones are connected by cartilage. Example: Vertebrae
33
What is a ball and socket joint?
A joint that allows movement in all directions. Example: Shoulder, hip
34
What is a hinge joint?
A joint that allows movement in one plane. Example: Elbow, knee
35
What is a pivot joint?
A joint that allows rotational movement. Example: Neck
36
What is a saddle joint?
A joint that permits movement in two planes. Example: Thumb joint
37
What is a condyloid joint?
A joint that allows movement, but not rotation. Example: Wrist
38
What is a plane joint?
A joint with flat surfaces that glide against each other. Example: Wrist joints
39
What is a ligament?
A band of connective tissue that connects bones and stabilizes joints
40
What is flexion?
Bending a joint to reduce the angle. Example: Bending the elbow
41
What is extension?
Straightening a joint to increase the angle. Example: Straightening the knee
42
What is lateral flexion?
Sideways bending, unique to the spine
43
What is abduction?
Moving away from the midline. Example: Raising an arm sideways
44
What is adduction?
Moving toward the midline. Example: Lowering an arm
45
What is rotation?
Turning around an axis. Example: Rotating the head
46
What is pronation?
Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down
47
What is supination?
Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up
48
What is opposition?
Moving the thumb to touch other fingers
49
What is circumduction?
Circular movement of a limb
50
What is dorsiflexion?
Lifting the foot upwards toward the shin
51
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing the foot downwards
52
What is inversion?
Turning the sole of the foot inward
53
What is eversion?
Turning the sole of the foot outward
54
What is protraction?
Moving the scapula or jaw forward
55
What is retraction?
Moving the scapula or jaw backward
56
What is elevation?
Raising the scapula or jaw
57
What is depression?
Lowering the scapula or jaw
58
What is skeletal muscle?
Voluntary muscle that moves bones and stabilizes joints
59
What is smooth muscle?
Involuntary muscle found in organs and blood vessels.
60
What is cardiac muscle?
Muscle unique to the heart, controlled involuntarily
61
What is a tendon?
A cord or sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
62
What is the muscle belly?
The thick, fleshy part of a muscle between tendons
63
What are parallel muscles?
Muscles where fibers run parallel, allowing quick but less powerful contractions. Example: Sartorius
64
What are convergent muscles?
Muscles that are fan-shaped with broad and narrow ends. Example: Pectoralis major
65
What are circular muscles?
Muscles are arranged in rings that act as sphincters. Example: Orbicularis oculi
66
What are pennate muscles?
Muscles with fibers angled for power, not flexibility. Example: Deltoid
67
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
68
What is the primary function of the upper limb?
Mobility and dexterity, with a shallow shoulder socket for more hand movement
69
What is the primary function of the lower limb?
Weight-bearing and walking, with a deep hip socket for stability
70
What is the main difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?
The axial skeleton forms the central core (skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum), while the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs
71
What are the three regions of the torso?
The thorax (upper part), abdomen (middle part), and pelvis (lower part)
72
What type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
Hinge joints allow movement in one plane, like bending and straightening (flexion and extension), such as in the elbow or knee
73
What is the difference between synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joints?
Synovial joints allow a great deal of movement and have a fluid-filled cavity; fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and allow little to no movement; cartilaginous joints are separated by cartilage, allowing some flexibility
74
How are primary and secondary cartilaginous joints different?
Primary cartilaginous joints are connected by hyaline cartilage, allowing some flexibility (e.g., sternocostal joints). Secondary cartilaginous joints have both hyaline and fibrocartilage, offering more flexibility and strength (e.g., intervertebral discs)
75
What are the six types of synovial joints and their main characteristics?
Ball and socket: Mobile, allows movement in all directions including rotation (e.g., shoulder)
Hinge: Movement in one plane (e.g., elbow)
Pivot: Allows rotational movement (e.g., between the first and second cervical vertebrae)
Saddle: Permits movement in two planes (e.g., thumb joint)
Condyloid: Movement in two planes (e.g., wrist)
Plane: Limited movement, controlled by ligaments (e.g., between carpal bones in the hand)
76
What is the difference between flexion, extension, and lateral flexion?
Flexion decreases the angle between two parts, extension increases the angle, and lateral flexion refers to bending sideways, unique to the vertebral column
77
What are pronation and supination, and in which part of the body do they occur?
Pronation (rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward) and supination (rotation so the palm faces upward) are movements unique to the forearm
78
What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?
Dorsiflexion moves the foot and toes upward toward the shin, while plantarflexion points the foot and toes downward
79
What are the functions of ligaments, and what happens during a sprain?
Ligaments connect bone to bone, stabilize joints, and limit movement. A sprain occurs when a ligament is overstretched or torn, which can be painful and may not heal to its original form
80
How do muscles move joints?
Muscles must cross a joint to move it. When a muscle contracts, it pulls on one of the bones it's attached to (the insertion), while the other bone (the origin) remains stationary
81
What are the four main orientations of skeletal muscle fibers?
Parallel (fibers run in the same direction)
Convergent (fibers are fan-shaped and converge to a smaller attachment)
Circular (fibers arranged in rings, often forming sphincters)
Pennate (fibers are arranged at an angle to the direction of pull, which provides more power but less range of movement)
82
What is a motor unit, and how does its size vary between different muscles?
A motor unit is composed of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it supplies. In small muscles (like those in the eye), motor units control fewer fibers for precision, whereas in large muscles (like the thigh), motor units control more fibers for power
83
How is the vertebral column divided?
Into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacral (5 fused vertebrae), and coccygeal (4 fused vertebrae)
84
What is the difference between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?
Cervical vertebrae have bifid spinous processes and triangular vertebral foramen
Thoracic vertebrae have downward-sloping spinous processes and round vertebral foramen
Lumbar vertebrae have larger, blunt spinous processes and triangular vertebral foramen to support body weight
85
What are the unique characteristics of C1 and C2 vertebrae?
C1 (the atlas) and C2 (the axis) are modified to allow rotation of the head
86
What are the four spinal curves, and what are their purposes?
Cervical lordosis (anterior curve in the neck)
Lumbar lordosis (anterior curve in the lower back)
Thoracic kyphosis (posterior curve in the mid-back)
Sacral kyphosis (posterior curve in the pelvis)
These curves help absorb mechanical forces
87
How do intervertebral discs function, and what movements do they allow?
Intervertebral discs support body weight and absorb shock between vertebrae. Though individual vertebrae have small movements, collectively they allow significant flexibility and movement in the vertebral column
