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Anatomy IMMS > IMMS 2 > Flashcards

IMMS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Torso /
Trunk

A

part of the body including the thorax, abdomen,
and pelvis

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2
Q

Thorax

A

upper part of the torso from the bottom of the neck to the
diaphragm which houses the lungs and heart and is
surrounded by the ribs

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3
Q

diaphragm

A

internal muscular sheet that separates the thorax
from the abdomen

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4
Q

Abdomen

A

central part of the torso between the diaphragm and top of the pelvic bones housing most of the organs of digestion including the stomach, intestine, and liver

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5
Q

Pelvis

A

lowest part of torso, between abdomen and start of lower limbs housing last part of the digestive
tract, the bladder, and reproductive organs/ bony ‘ring’ of pelvic region

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6
Q

Back

A

entire posterior surface of the torso

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7
Q

Arm

A

upper part of the upper limb (from torso to elbow) containing biceps muscle

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8
Q

Forearm

A

middle part of the upper limb (from the elbow to the wrist)

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9
Q

Thigh

A

upper part of the lower limb (from the pelvis to the knee)

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10
Q

Leg

A

middle part of the lower limb (from the knee to the ankle)

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11
Q

anatomical position

A

person is standing up with their feet flat on the floor, facing forward, arms by their sides with
their palms facing forwards

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12
Q

Superior

A

Above

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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14
Q

Anterior /
Ventral

A

in front of

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15
Q

Posterior /
Dorsal

A

behind

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16
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the centre line

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17
Q

The brain is to the heart

A

superior

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18
Q

The pelvis is to the thorax.

A

inferior

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19
Q

The nose is to the ears.

A

anterior/ventral

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20
Q

The spine is to the
sternum.

A

posterior/dorsal

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21
Q

The big toe is to the little toe

A

medial

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22
Q

Lateral

A

Further away from the centre
line

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23
Q

The thumb is to the palm.

A

lateral

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24
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin (torso)

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25
Q

The elbow is to the wrist

A

proximal

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26
Q

Distal

A

Further away from the origin

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27
Q

The toes are to the knee

A

distal

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28
Q

Ipsilateral

A

The same side of the body

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29
Q

The right arm and right leg are
to each other.

A

ipsilateral

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30
Q

Contralateral

A

The opposite side of the body

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31
Q

The right arm and left leg are
to each other.

A

contralateral

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32
Q

Deep

A

Further away from the
surface

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33
Q

The heart is to the sternum

A

deep

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34
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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35
Q

The skin is to muscle.

A

superficial

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36
Q

Supine

A

Lying down, flat on back,
facing up

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37
Q

With the patient , they are
facing the ceiling

A

supine

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38
Q

Prone

A

Lying down, on front, facing
face down

39
Q

With the patient, they are
facing the floor.

A

prone

40
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

41
Q

The brain is to the spinal
cord

A

cranial

42
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the ‘tail’(end of spine)

43
Q

The pelvis is to the abdomen.

A

caudal

44
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the face

45
Q

The frontal lobe of the brain is
to the occipital lobe

A

rostral

46
Q

Coronal/frontal

A

coronal incision cuts a structure into
an anterior and a posterior part

47
Q

Sagittal

A

midline sagittal incision cuts a structure into a left and a right side+parasagittal refers to a cut in the sagittal plane but parallel to the midline (i.e. off to one side or the other)

48
Q

Axial/transverse/horizontal

A

axial incision cuts a structure into a superior and an inferior part

49
Q

Axial

A

central, or core, parts: the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

50
Q

Appendicular

A

bones of the limbs, including the shoulder blades
(scapulae), collarbones (clavicles) and the pelvic girdle.

51
Q

A joint is formed where

A

two bones meet

52
Q

where 2 bones meet and form a joint inbetween

A

the two bones articulate with each other

53
Q

‘histological

A

cellular and structural composition of tissues

54
Q

Synovial joints

A

most common, narrow synovial cavity
separates the articular surfaces of the bones, this cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid, which is enclosed in a joint capsule (which has 2 layers: outer fibrous capsule, and an inner synovial membrane).The articular surfaces are covered with articular ‘hyaline’ cartilage. Synovial joints usually allow a great deal of
movement. E.g. shoulder, knee, wrist joints.

55
Q

Fibrous joints

A

connect two bones together via strong fibrous tissue. There is no cavity and no fluid. There is usually very little (if any) movement at fibrous joints.
Example: the joints between the individual bones of the skull (called ‘sutures’

56
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

like fibrous joints, but the articular surfaces are separated by cartilage instead of fibrous tissue. There are two subtypes

57
Q

Primary cartilaginous

A

joints are connected to each other by hyaline
cartilage, which allows some flexibility

58
Q

where the ribs meet the
sternum.

A

Primary cartilaginous joints

59
Q

Secondary cartilaginous joints

A

connected to each other by fibrocartilage, plus a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of
the bones. They are flexible but strong and can support a lot of weight.

60
Q

intervertebral discs (between the vertebrae in the spine)

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints

61
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

end of 1 bone shaped like ball
+ end of other bone shaped like bowl that the ball fits into e.g. the shoulder joint and the hip joint. These joints are mobile and allow a significant range of
movement in all directions, including rotation. How mobile and stable these joints are depends on the fit between the ball and socket - the better the fit, the <stable>mobile it is (e.g. the hip). With a poorer fit comes <mobility>stability and <risk of dislocation (e.g. the shoulder)</mobility></stable>

62
Q

Hinge joint

A

just like a hinge on a door, they allow a significant range of movement, but only in one plane e.g. the elbow and knee joints.

63
Q

Pivot joint

A

best example is found at the top of the spine where the first and second vertebrae articulate with each other. The first vertebrae (C1, the atlas) at
the base of the skull pivots around the peg of the second vertebrae (C2, the axis). It allows rotational movement only, allowing us to turn our head left and right.

64
Q

Saddle joint

A

shaped like a rider sitting in a saddle, and permit
movement in two planes e.g. e joint at the base of the thumb, where the metacarpal of the thumb articulates with one of the small carpal bones

65
Q

Condyloid joint

A

like a ball and socket joint, but the joint surfaces are oval-shaped. They have a good range of movement but only in two planes e.g. the wrist joint and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (the knuckles)

66
Q

Plane joint

A

articular surfaces are almost flat and glide against each other. The range of movement is usually limited and dictated by the neighbouring bones and surrounding ligaments. E.g. joints between the small bones of the wrist and the acromioclavicular joint at the top of the shoulder.

67
Q

histology

A

material/structure

68
Q

biochemical

A

function/movement

69
Q

ligament

A

a band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone+stabilise joints and limit their movement. can stretch and, over time, can be stretched to allow greater joint mobility

70
Q

sprain

A

occurs when a ligament is overstretched and injured, most common ankle sprains

71
Q

Flexion

A

Bending (decreasing the angle between the two parts).

72
Q

Extension

A

Straightening (increasing the angle between the two parts).

73
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Unique to the vertebral column: bending sideways

74
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline

75
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline.

76
Q

moving arms up towards head

A

abduction

77
Q

moving arms towards torso

A

adduction

78
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotating (around an axis) towards the midline (also known as medial rotation)-elbow l shape attached to torso can move towards midline

79
Q

External rotation

A

Rotating (around an axis) away from the midline (also known as lateral rotation)

80
Q

Pronation

A

Unique to the forearm: internal rotation of the radius, so that the palm faces posteriorly (our forearm and hand are prone when we type using a keyboard).

81
Q

Supination

A

Unique to the forearm: external rotation of the radius, so that the palm faces anteriorly (i.e. the anatomical position).

82
Q

Opposition

A

Unique to the thumb and little finger: flexion and rotation of the thumb or little finger so that each one can reach the other.

83
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction such that the appendage traces a circular or conical pattern.

84
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Unique to the ankle: the foot and toes move superiorly
towards the shin (pointing the foot and toes ‘up’).

85
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Unique to the ankle: the foot and toes move inferiorly
(pointing the foot and toes ‘down’).

86
Q

Inversion

A

Unique to the foot and ankle: medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces medially

87
Q

Eversion

A

Unique to the foot and ankle: lateral flexion so that the sole of the foot faces laterally.

88
Q

Protraction

A

Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly (e.g. moving our upper limb out in front of us to push open a door).

89
Q

Retraction

A

Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible posteriorly (e.g. ‘squaring’ the shoulders).

90
Q

Elevation

A

Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible superiorly (e.g. shrugging the shoulders, closing the mouth).

91
Q

Depression

A

Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly (e.g. returning the shoulders after
elevation, opening the mouth).

92
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

throughout the body, provide support
for the body and move the joints and some soft tissues, such as the eyeball and
tongue, under voluntary control (i.e. we can consciously control them), these muscle fibres are described as striated as they have a striped appearance under a microscope

93
Q

Smooth muscle

A

in walls of blood vessels and internal organs such
as the intestine. Smooth muscle is involuntarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

94
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

heart, involuntarily, contract in response to electrical impulses that are spontaneously generated by specialised cells within the heart, autonomic nervous system influences these specialised cells and can speed up or slow down the heart rate, striated

Anatomy IMMS (8 decks)

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