IMMS 2 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Torso /
Trunk
A
part of the body including the thorax, abdomen,
and pelvis
2
Q
Thorax
A
upper part of the torso from the bottom of the neck to the
diaphragm which houses the lungs and heart and is
surrounded by the ribs
3
Q
diaphragm
A
internal muscular sheet that separates the thorax
from the abdomen
4
Q
Abdomen
A
central part of the torso between the diaphragm and top of the pelvic bones housing most of the organs of digestion including the stomach, intestine, and liver
5
Q
Pelvis
A
lowest part of torso, between abdomen and start of lower limbs housing last part of the digestive
tract, the bladder, and reproductive organs/ bony ‘ring’ of pelvic region
6
Q
Back
A
entire posterior surface of the torso
7
Q
Arm
A
upper part of the upper limb (from torso to elbow) containing biceps muscle
8
Q
Forearm
A
middle part of the upper limb (from the elbow to the wrist)
9
Q
Thigh
A
upper part of the lower limb (from the pelvis to the knee)
10
Q
Leg
A
middle part of the lower limb (from the knee to the ankle)
11
Q
anatomical position
A
person is standing up with their feet flat on the floor, facing forward, arms by their sides with
their palms facing forwards
12
Q
Superior
A
Above
13
Q
Inferior
A
Below
14
Q
Anterior /
Ventral
A
in front of
15
Q
Posterior /
Dorsal
A
behind
16
Q
Medial
A
Closer to the centre line
17
Q
The brain is to the heart
A
superior
18
Q
The pelvis is to the thorax.
A
inferior
19
Q
The nose is to the ears.
A
anterior/ventral
20
Q
The spine is to the
sternum.
A
posterior/dorsal
21
Q
The big toe is to the little toe
A
medial
22
Q
Lateral
A
Further away from the centre
line
23
Q
The thumb is to the palm.
A
lateral
24
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to the origin (torso)
25
The elbow is to the wrist
proximal
26
Distal
Further away from the origin
27
The toes are to the knee
distal
28
Ipsilateral
The same side of the body
29
The right arm and right leg are
to each other.
ipsilateral
30
Contralateral
The opposite side of the body
31
The right arm and left leg are
to each other.
contralateral
32
Deep
Further away from the
surface
33
The heart is to the sternum
deep
34
Superficial
Closer to the surface
35
The skin is to muscle.
superficial
36
Supine
Lying down, flat on back,
facing up
37
With the patient , they are
facing the ceiling
supine
38
Prone
Lying down, on front, facing
face down
39
With the patient, they are
facing the floor.
prone
40
Cranial
Towards the head
41
The brain is to the spinal
cord
cranial
42
Caudal
Towards the ‘tail'(end of spine)
43
The pelvis is to the abdomen.
caudal
44
Rostral
Towards the face
45
The frontal lobe of the brain is
to the occipital lobe
rostral
46
Coronal/frontal
coronal incision cuts a structure into
an anterior and a posterior part
47
Sagittal
midline sagittal incision cuts a structure into a left and a right side+parasagittal refers to a cut in the sagittal plane but parallel to the midline (i.e. off to one side or the other)
48
Axial/transverse/horizontal
axial incision cuts a structure into a superior and an inferior part
49
Axial
central, or core, parts: the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
50
Appendicular
bones of the limbs, including the shoulder blades
(scapulae), collarbones (clavicles) and the pelvic girdle.
51
A joint is formed where
two bones meet
52
where 2 bones meet and form a joint inbetween
the two bones articulate with each other
53
‘histological
cellular and structural composition of tissues
54
Synovial joints
most common, narrow synovial cavity
separates the articular surfaces of the bones, this cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid, which is enclosed in a joint capsule (which has 2 layers: outer fibrous capsule, and an inner synovial membrane).The articular surfaces are covered with articular ‘hyaline’ cartilage. Synovial joints usually allow a great deal of
movement. E.g. shoulder, knee, wrist joints.
55
Fibrous joints
connect two bones together via strong fibrous tissue. There is no cavity and no fluid. There is usually very little (if any) movement at fibrous joints.
Example: the joints between the individual bones of the skull (called ‘sutures’
56
Cartilaginous joints
like fibrous joints, but the articular surfaces are separated by cartilage instead of fibrous tissue. There are two subtypes
57
Primary cartilaginous
joints are connected to each other by hyaline
cartilage, which allows some flexibility
58
where the ribs meet the
sternum.
Primary cartilaginous joints
59
Secondary cartilaginous joints
connected to each other by fibrocartilage, plus a layer of hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces of
the bones. They are flexible but strong and can support a lot of weight.
60
intervertebral discs (between the vertebrae in the spine)
Secondary cartilaginous joints
61
Ball and socket joint
end of 1 bone shaped like ball
+ end of other bone shaped like bowl that the ball fits into e.g. the shoulder joint and the hip joint. These joints are mobile and allow a significant range of
movement in all directions, including rotation. How mobile and stable these joints are depends on the fit between the ball and socket - the better the fit, the mobile it is (e.g. the hip). With a poorer fit comes stability and
62
Hinge joint
just like a hinge on a door, they allow a significant range of movement, but only in one plane e.g. the elbow and knee joints.
63
Pivot joint
best example is found at the top of the spine where the first and second vertebrae articulate with each other. The first vertebrae (C1, the atlas) at
the base of the skull pivots around the peg of the second vertebrae (C2, the axis). It allows rotational movement only, allowing us to turn our head left and right.
64
Saddle joint
shaped like a rider sitting in a saddle, and permit
movement in two planes e.g. e joint at the base of the thumb, where the metacarpal of the thumb articulates with one of the small carpal bones
65
Condyloid joint
like a ball and socket joint, but the joint surfaces are oval-shaped. They have a good range of movement but only in two planes e.g. the wrist joint and the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers (the knuckles)
66
Plane joint
articular surfaces are almost flat and glide against each other. The range of movement is usually limited and dictated by the neighbouring bones and surrounding ligaments. E.g. joints between the small bones of the wrist and the acromioclavicular joint at the top of the shoulder.
67
histology
material/structure
68
biochemical
function/movement
69
ligament
a band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone+stabilise joints and limit their movement. can stretch and, over time, can be stretched to allow greater joint mobility
70
sprain
occurs when a ligament is overstretched and injured, most common ankle sprains
71
Flexion
Bending (decreasing the angle between the two parts).
72
Extension
Straightening (increasing the angle between the two parts).
73
Lateral flexion
Unique to the vertebral column: bending sideways
74
Abduction
Movement away from the midline
75
Adduction
Movement towards the midline.
76
moving arms up towards head
abduction
77
moving arms towards torso
adduction
78
Internal rotation
Rotating (around an axis) towards the midline (also known as medial rotation)-elbow l shape attached to torso can move towards midline
79
External rotation
Rotating (around an axis) away from the midline (also known as lateral rotation)
80
Pronation
Unique to the forearm: internal rotation of the radius, so that the palm faces posteriorly (our forearm and hand are prone when we type using a keyboard).
81
Supination
Unique to the forearm: external rotation of the radius, so that the palm faces anteriorly (i.e. the anatomical position).
82
Opposition
Unique to the thumb and little finger: flexion and rotation of the thumb or little finger so that each one can reach the other.
83
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction such that the appendage traces a circular or conical pattern.
84
Dorsiflexion
Unique to the ankle: the foot and toes move superiorly
towards the shin (pointing the foot and toes ‘up’).
85
Plantarflexion
Unique to the ankle: the foot and toes move inferiorly
(pointing the foot and toes ‘down’).
86
Inversion
Unique to the foot and ankle: medial flexion so that the sole of the foot faces medially
87
Eversion
Unique to the foot and ankle: lateral flexion so that the sole of the foot faces laterally.
88
Protraction
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible anteriorly (e.g. moving our upper limb out in front of us to push open a door).
89
Retraction
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible posteriorly (e.g. ‘squaring’ the shoulders).
90
Elevation
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible superiorly (e.g. shrugging the shoulders, closing the mouth).
91
Depression
Unique to the scapula and mandible: moving the scapula or mandible inferiorly (e.g. returning the shoulders after
elevation, opening the mouth).
92
Skeletal muscle
throughout the body, provide support
for the body and move the joints and some soft tissues, such as the eyeball and
tongue, under voluntary control (i.e. we can consciously control them), these muscle fibres are described as striated as they have a striped appearance under a microscope
93
Smooth muscle
in walls of blood vessels and internal organs such
as the intestine. Smooth muscle is involuntarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
94
Cardiac muscle
heart, involuntarily, contract in response to electrical impulses that are spontaneously generated by specialised cells within the heart, autonomic nervous system influences these specialised cells and can speed up or slow down the heart rate, striated
