IMMS Anatomy

Question 1

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 1

1. Standing erect, feet flat under hips
2. Straight back with eyes and head forward
3. Arms by sides with forearms and hands facing forwards
4. Eyes focused at infinity on the horizon

Question 2

What are the planes of the body?

Answer 2

Sagittal - divides body into left and right
Coronal - divides body into front and back
Axial - Divides body into top and bottom

Question 3

What are the three types of joint?

Answer 3

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

Question 4

Describe a fibrous joint

Answer 4

Bones are united by fibrous tissue
There is no joint cavity so movement depends on the length of the fibres
ie. Cranium

Question 5

Describe a synovial joint

Answer 5

Bones are joined by joint capsule enclosing joint cavity
Capsule consists of outer fibrous and inner serous synovial membrane
Joint cavity filled by lubricating synovial fluid
Bones covered by articular cartilage
Allows free movement of bones ie. limbs

Question 6

Describe a cartilaginous joint

Answer 6

Bones are united by cartilage
Primary = hyaline –> Flexibility –> ribs join to sternum
Secondary = hyaline + fibrous –> Strength –> Joints between vertebral bodies

Question 7

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a plane joint

Answer 7

Articular surfaces are flat with a tight joint capsule

ie. acromioclavicular joint

Question 8

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a hinge joint

Answer 8

Allows only flexion and extension

ie. elbow joint

Question 9

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a saddle joint

Answer 9

Two articular surfaces are convex and concave allowing for two planes of movement
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Question 10

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a condyloid joint

Answer 10

Similar to saddle joint in that it has two planes of movement but one is restricted
Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
ie. Metacarpophylangeal joints of fingers

Question 11

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a ball and socket joint

Answer 11

Spherical and concave articulates
Allows movement in multiple axis - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circum and rotation
Hip Joint

Question 12

Types of Synovial Joint - Describe a pivot joint

Answer 12

Allows rotation around a central axis

ie. Atlanto-axial joint of the cervical spine

Question 13

How is the knee joint protected?

Answer 13

Medial and lateral meniscus made from fibrocartilage for shock absorption
Hyaline cartilage on articulate surfaces to smooth movement
Lateral + Medial collateral ligaments on either side of the knee made from fibrous connective tissue to stabilise the femur and the tibia

Question 14

What effect would lateral force to the knee have?

Answer 14

Increase the medial angle of the knee causing strain or tear of the medial collateral ligament

Question 15

What effect would medial force to the knee have?

Answer 15

Increase the lateral angle of the knee causing strain or tear of the lateral collateral ligament

Question 16

Where does the ACL attach and how does it protect the knee joint?

Answer 16

Attaches from the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau - Prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur

Question 17

Where does the PCL attach and how does it protect the knee joint?

Answer 17

Attaches from the posterior of the tibial plateau to the anterior of the medial condyle of the femur - prevents excessive anterior movement of the femur in relation to the tibia

Question 18

Describe properties and functions of smooth muscle

Answer 18

Involuntary controlled by the ANS found in hollow organs ie. bladder, bowel and uterus and blood vessels
Controls blood pressure, digestion and temperature control

Question 19

What are the types of skeletal muscle (give examples)?

Answer 19

1. Fusiform - biceps brachii
2. Parallel - rectus abdominus
3. Convergent - pectoralis major
4. Unipennate - Palmar interosseous
5. Bipennate - Rectus Femoris
6. Multipennate - Deltoid
7. Circular - Orbicular Oculi

Question 20

Define flexion

Answer 20

Joint becomes more bent

Question 21

Define extension

Answer 21

Joint becomes less bent

Question 22

Define rotation

Answer 22

Angle of the joint does’t change but the axis of one bone rotates relative to the other

Question 23

Define Abduction

Answer 23

Movement away from the midline

Question 24

Define adduction

Answer 24

Movement towards the midline

Question 25

Define lateral flexion

Answer 25

Movement of the trunk and neck to bend over the side

Question 26

Define Pronation

Answer 26

Rotation of the forearm bones so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

Question 27

Define Supination

Answer 27

Rotation of the forearm bones such that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly

Question 28

Define Protraction

Answer 28

To move forwards

Question 29

Define Retraction

Answer 29

To move backwards

Question 30

Define Opposition

Answer 30

Special movement that rotates the thumb allowing the palm of the thumb to touch the palm of the little finger

Question 31

Define Inversion

Answer 31

When the sole of the foot faces inwards towards the other foot

Question 32

Define eversion

Answer 32

When the sole of the foot faces outwards away from the other foot

Question 33

Compare the joints of the upper and lower limb

Answer 33

Upper limb does less weight bearing so more motility at shoulder joint due to shallow ball and socket joint and clavicle supporting limb away from thoracic wall Lower limb (Hip joint) has greater stability and can weight bear with femoral head deep in acetabulum but restricted movement. Bone structure enables locking to enable standing for extended periods

Question 34

Compare the muscle distribution of the upper and Lower limb

Answer 34

Muscle in the upper limb in the arm and forearm with small intrinsic hand muscles in conjunction with forearm tendons allowing fine dextrous movement Muscles In the lower limb are large in the foot which enables weight bearing but prevents the fine control of feet

Question 35

Describe the anatomy of the spine

Answer 35

Cervical = 7, Thoracic = 12, Lumbar = 5 and Sacral = 5 | Sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum and the further 4 distal vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx

Question 36

Describe the anatomy of C1 (Atlas)

Answer 36

Atlas supports the weight of the head and has large articular surfaces to transmit force down to the spine Lateral articulations both superior and inferior for the skull and C2 (Axis) respectively Atlas has no vertebral body as it is fused with the axis below to form the Odontoid Peg

Question 37

Describe the Odontoid Peg

Answer 37

Held in place by the cruciate ligament and rotates within the atlas to allow rotation of the head on the neck

Question 38

Which cervical vertebrae is not bifid?

Answer 38

C7

Question 39

How many foramina do the cervical vertebrae have?

Answer 39

Three; one for the spinal cord and 2 for the vertebral arteries in the transverse process

Question 40

Describe anatomy of the thoracic vertebra

Answer 40

Have longer spinous processes than the cervical vertebra and do not have holes in their transverse processes - also have synovial joints for the heads and tubercles of the ribs and vertebral transverse processes