Immune

Question 1

Anatomy of immune system- Physical

Answer 1

• Physical barriers- skin (shield), mucous membranes (can remove pathogens, mucus escalator)
• Leukocytes- white blood cells (lots of kinds, non-specific and specific for certain pathogens)
• Lymphoid tissues- marrow, thymus, spleen, nodes, tonsils

Question 2

Anatomy of immune system- Chemical

Answer 2

Sebaceous glands (oil glands)- create/secrete something oily and acidic- can take care of bacteria that forms on the skin
Acids:
- Saliva
- Stomach
- Urinary tract
- Reproductive

Question 3

Types of Leukocyte

Answer 3

-Neutrophils -dendritic cells and mast cells *inflammation
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
-Monocytes → macrophages
-Lymphocytes

Question 4

how are leukocytes synthesized

Answer 4

Synthesis of leukocytes:
Hematopoietic stem cells
Full maturity in bone marrow (most)
Except t-cells (thymus)

Question 5

leukocyte role in immunity

Answer 5

-Function in defense in body
Called the immune response
-Pathogens, cancer (hide and prevent body cells from healing tumours)
-Phagocytosis
-Basophils release things- histamine and heparin- toxic substances- allergic response
-Monocytes circulate around in the blood- macrophages- locked in a spot (body guard) circulating looking for pathogens they can engulf
-Lymphocytes- separate category- b-cells (antibodies) , t-cells (separate types have separate jobs), null cells (natural killer cells)

Question 6

Phagocyte job

Answer 6

engulf
-Neutrophils- most abundant
-Eosinophils- fight off invaders and allergies
-Monocytes- clean up crew, messengers
-Dendritic cells- phagocytes and activate t-cells, security guard and messenger

Question 7

non-phagocyte job

Answer 7

B cells- antibodies
T cells- destroy foreign cells (cause lysis)
null cells (natural killer)- attack pathogen infected cells (lysis)
central lymphoid tissue- bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells, make leukocytes
thymus- recognize pathogens from healthy cells
peripheral lymphoid tissue- filter and slow down to catch pathogens, high concentration in specific areas to take care of things

Question 8

Non-specific defences

Answer 8

Physical barriers
-skin, mucous membrane
Internal
-Inflammation
-Interferons- interfere with pathogens ability to synthesise proteins
-NK cells- perforins causing cell lysis
-Complement system (specific and non-specific)- multi step signalling pathways to cause cell lysis, can be activated or enhanced by antibodies

Question 9

inflammatory response

Answer 9

1. Some damage triggers this response
2. Some kind of pathogen has moved into tissue space
3. Monocytes become macrophages and they come into this space and surround damage, recognize foreign things
4. Release cytokines
   -Can get to bone marrow within an hour and arrive to the signal quickly
   -Mast cells and basal cells release histamine
   -Swelling and redness, fluid in here

Question 10

what is heparins job?

Answer 10

-An anticoagulant
-No clots, body makes this on its own
-Cells come to one area and risk a clot, heparin prevents this, cause a scab to form
-Margination is attaching themselves to the vessel wall and slither through (diapedesis), to then goto the surrounded pathogen (chemotosis)

Question 11

active immune response

Answer 11

getting sick- natural exposure to a pathogen, go through primary immune response, feel sick, develop memory
getting a vaccine- contain inactive forms of pathogen, develop memory from it to have defence mechanisms

Question 12

passive immune response

Answer 12

taking antibiotics- antibodies given to get rid of the pathogen, activate all the steps except memory. Given a solution, but the body does not adapt.
from breast milk- rom breastfeeding, not developing memory, the immune system is developing and the milk will give them a little protection during this development time
from mother to fetus- not developing memory

Question 13

transplantation

Answer 13

-Something we recognise as foreign
-Transplant patients- they get a new kidney- red flag this isn’t us, the person getting the kidney, they take immunosuppressants- to dim the immune response, telling it not to act to keep the kidney, the rest of the pathogens that come in contact are problematic
-Physicians try to find perfect matches in identical twin

Question 14

transfusion

Answer 14

Some viruses hide MHC molecules and that means there’s no identification that something is wrong
Red blood cells dont have MHC molecules- people that receive blood will not have an immune response, they are just red blood cells that are packed with hemoglobin
O blood cells have no antigens on them
AB has no antibodies in plasma
O is the universal donor

Question 15

Immune dysfunctions- allergic reactions

Answer 15

-Take antihistamines- the allergen binds to B-cell, we form antibodies, makes immunoglobulins, excess antibodies stay logged in mast cells and they cause histamine to be released
-Histamine- is the vasodilator and permeability, swelling
-Antihistamine blocks the receptor on smooth muscle, reduction in the experienced symptoms, less itch, runny eyes

Question 16

Immune dysfunctions-
Anaphylactic shock

Answer 16

-Lots more histamine
-Increase permeability and vasodilation
-Mean arterial pressure drops
-Epi pen- contain epinephrine, vasoconstriction, increase resistance, increase mean arterial pressure, doesn’t solve the problem, catecholamines have a short half life

Question 17

Stress response on immune system function (nervous and endocrine)

Answer 17

-The endocrine and nervous system both affect the immune system
-Cortisol- fight or flight- availability of nutrients, reduce inflammation (cortisone to reduce inflammation and reduces immune cell activity)
-Growth and thyroid hormones- cortisol effects these hormones and so on
-Decreased immune response
nervous
-Catecholamines reduce capacity of immune system
-Responds negatively
-fight or flight mode causes the immune cells to be less effective

Question 18

humoral immunity

Answer 18

in the body fluids- blood etc
B cell mediated
Involves secretion of antibodies by plasma cells
Defend against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids

Question 19

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 19

T cell mediated
Involves lysis of cells by cytotoxic T cells
Defend against bacteria and viruses in body cells
Part of reaction to transplants and cancer cells
- lysis and apoptosis

Question 20

open widow theory

Answer 20

The open window theory- depending on intensity of exercise, close to maximum, create period of susceptibility “window”, 3-72 hours, trained will have a short window, untrained will be closer to the 72 hours
-Reactive oxygen species- product of aerobic metabolism- more suppression of t-cells
-Cortisol, epi, and nor-epi, greater intensity of exercise is a greater amount of these hormones
Intense exercise bouts make untrained people more susceptible
-More diligent in cleanliness to avoid illness, don’t exercise intensely during stressful weeks, but the benefits outweigh the risks