Immune Flashcards
(48 cards)
inflammation is a part of the ________ immune system
Inflammation is our innate, or non-specific immunity
It does not result in future immunity to the same organism or injury
Antibody/Cell-mediated immunity is a part of the ________ immune system
adaptive
Also referred to as humoral immunity-Major cells in this process are B cells
What are b cells
These cells learn to make antibodies to specific antigens
Once they are sensitized to a specific antigen, they are imprinted and will only respond to that antigen
When these antigens come into the body, B cells then produce antibodies which attack the antigens and eliminate the threat
They also split and make memory B cells which allow the body to have a specific immune response to the same antigen if encountered in the future
What are t cells
conductors of the immune reaction, responsible for communication (helper t cells)
what are cytokines
messengers of the immune system
Describe Type I Hypersensitivity
Increased production of IgE antibodies (mast cells filled with histamine) in response to antigen leading to excessive release of histamine
Anaphylaxis
Allergic asthma
Exposure to allergens
Describe Type II Hypersensitivity
Body makes autoantibodies against self (Cytotoxic or cytolytic )
Transfusion reactions
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Myasthenia gravis
Describe Type III Hypersensitivity
Too many antigens attach to a structure, increased the molecular weight of the immune structure and causing it to block up small vessels, leading to ischemia and inflammation
Systemic lupus erythematosus.
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Describe Type IV Hypersensitivity
Delayed reactions that occur when T-cells recruit macrophages to attack hours to days after initial exposure.
Poison ivy
Graft rejection
Positive TB skin test
Sarcoidosis
What would the patient’s lab’s look like if they had an autoimmune disease
But rheumatoid factor is a specific thing that we can look at that can tell us if there’s an auto-immune disease.
Same for antinuclear antibodies. These are antibodies that attack the nucleus of cells, and so they are commonly seen in auto-immune diseases.
Complement is part of your system that is involved in your immune response. And so when we see the complement levels decrease, That’s means it’s being used. And so that helps us to understand that it’s likely an auto-immune disease.
They can do HLA testing, which a certain markers on the cells that make individuals at higher risk
sed rate, ESR, that will typically be increased when there’s general inflammation. Same for a CRP, C-reactive protein. those being elevated helps us know that the inflammatory response is going on in the body
elevated white count, especially with the innate immune response being involved.
We can see different types of anemias depending on what’s going on.
What drugs bind with part of the inflammatory process in order to decrease inflammatory/immune response
Biological Response Modifiers
Rule out TB or MS for these patients-can cause a flare
Etanercept
Infliximab
Adalimumab
What drug blocks certain enzymes in the immune response
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
Methotrexate
Leflunomide
Hydroxychloroquine
How do you treat an autoimmune flare?
Glucocorticoids, side effect is immunosupression
What are two common, highly effective immunosuppressants used to treat autoimmune disorders?
Azathioprine
Cyclophosphamide
Describe some manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis
can deposit in pericardium, lungs,
MORNING STIFFNESS/GEL PHENOMENON (WAKE UP STIFF, IMPROVES WITH MOVEMENT)
GENERALLY BILATERAL INFLAMMATION,
FINGER DRIFTS TOWARD ULNA AT REST,
BAKERS CYSTS (INFLAMMATION BEHIND THE KNEE)
Autoimmune disorder patients often take high-doses of NSAIDs for pain management. What medication do they need to take with the NSAID to avoid GI complications?
H2 blockers
What labs indicate Rheumatoid Arthritis
ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) present
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (Anti-ccp) present
Rheumatoid factor present
Serum complement LOW
Increased inflammation
What Dx test is best for rheumatoid arthritis
Arthrocentesis: where you get most dx info
How do you treat rheumatoid arthritis
DMARDs: disrupt enzymes of the autoimmune process
Methotrexate
Leflunomide
Hydroxychloroquine
NSAIDs w/ H2 blockers
Biological Response Modifiers—slows progression of RA
Make sure no TB/MS
Etanercept
Infliximab
Adalimumab
Glucocorticoids: for flares
Immunosuppressants:
Azathioprine
Cyclophosphamide
Rheumatoid arthritis s/s that need to be reported:
Fever, infection, pain on inspiration
How do you treat a patient in rheumatoid crisis
Plasmapheresis: CRISIS TX take blood out, centrifuge to take out Rh factor, put back in
How does RA cause Sjogren’s syndrome
Disease that causes decreased production of tears and saliva that can occur as a result of RA
How does RA cause Felty syndrome
disease causes enlarged spleen and neutropenia (decreased WBCs)
What is a sign of advanced RA
contractures
