Immune Cells and Organs

Question 1

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 1

Bone Marrow

Question 2

Generation of lymphocytes is also known as ….?

Answer 2

Lymphopoiesis

Question 3

Name the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 3

Thymus and bone marrow

Question 4

Where do lymphoid stem cells differentiate into mature and functional lymphocytes?

Answer 4

Primary lymphoid organs

Question 5

Name some secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 5

-spleen -lymph nodes -mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

Question 6

In which part of the body can lymphocytes interact with antigen and with other lymphocytes

Answer 6

Secondary Lymphiod organs

Question 7

Name the components that make up the structure of the human Thymic lobe?

Answer 7

Capsule Cortex Medulla Interlobular Septum Lobule Corpuscle

Question 8

The thymus is bi lobed in mammals. True or false?

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What happens to the thymus as you get older?

Answer 9

atrophies

Question 10

What organ produces white blood cells in a fetus?

Answer 10

Liver/spleen

Question 11

Where are the active sites for lymphopoiesis?

Answer 11

Spongey regions at the end of long bones vertebral bones Sternum ribs flat bones cranium pelvis

Question 12

label the structure of the lymph node?

Answer 12

Add picture

Question 13

In the lymph node, what cell is found in the cortex area?

Answer 13

B cell

Question 14

In the In the lymph node, what cell is found in the paracortex area?

Answer 14

T cell

Question 15

What are the two main types of tissue in the spleen?

Answer 15

Red pulp and white pulp

Question 16

What does the red pulp do in the spleen?

Answer 16

Generel filter for blood

Question 17

What does white pulp do in the spleen?

Answer 17

White pulp is the lymphoid tissue and constitutes the major initiator of responses to blood-borne antigens.

Question 18

Which part of the spleen surrounds the the central arteriole and and has a high concentration of lymphiod tissue?

Answer 18

the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

Question 19

what is a mucosa?

Answer 19

a mucous membrane

Question 20

What does MALT stand for?

Answer 20

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (malt)

Question 21

What is MALT?

Answer 21

aggregates of lymphiod tissue which do not have a tougher outer capsule

Question 22

What is the name of the structure that enables naive lymphocytes to enter the secondary lymphoid organs from the blood?

Answer 22

High endothelial venue

Question 23

Describe the mechanisms in which naive lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?

Answer 23

Step 1-Rolling Step 2-activation Step 3-Arrest/adhesion Step 4- Transendothelial migration

Question 24

What do lymphocytes look like under a microscope?

Answer 24

Agranular white blood cells have few or no granules in the cytoplasm Small cells with agranular cytoplasm and a large nucleus

Question 25

What is the cluster of differentiation system?

Answer 25

It is a way of identifying cell surface molecules present on leukocytes.

Question 26

What receptor do all T cells express?

Answer 26

CD3

Question 27

What are CD markes used for?

Answer 27

used to discriminate between cells of the haematopoietic system (and other cells

Question 28

Name some of the CD markers that B lymphocytes express?

Answer 28

CD19 and CD20

Question 29

Name the three main structures of the lymph node?

Answer 29

Cortex Paracortex Medulla

Question 30

In which part of the lymph node is the B cell located?

Answer 30

The cortex

Question 31

In which part of the lymph node is the T cell located?

Answer 31

The paracortex

Question 32

Lable the diagram of the spleen?

Answer 32

add pic

Question 33

Name the two types of tissues located in the spleen?

Answer 33

Red pulp and white Pulp

Question 34

What is the function of red pulp?

Answer 34

acts as a general filter for blood

Question 35

What is the function of white pulp?

Answer 35

White pulp is lymphiod tissue and constitutes the major initiator of responses to blood-borne antigens

Question 36

Which part of the spleen is B cells located?

Answer 36

Germinal Centre

Question 37

Which part of the spleen are T cells located?

Answer 37

Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)

Question 38

What does MALT stand for?

Answer 38

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Question 39

Name some examples of MALT?

Answer 39

The tonsils, the Peyer patches within the small intestine, and the vermiform appendix are examples of MALT.

Question 40

Summarise the recirculation of lymphocytes?

Answer 40

Naive lymphocytes circulate constantly from the blood into the secondary lymphiod tissue They leave the vasculature through specialised sections of the post capillary venule known as the High Endothelial Venule (HEV) They move from the lymph node to the lymphiod vessels and eventually return to the blood via the thoracic duct In the prescence of an infection cells which recognise infectious angents are held in the lymphiod tissue where they proliferate and differentiate

Question 41

Name the features of lymphocytes?

Answer 41

Small cells with agranular cytoplasm and a large nucleus

Question 42

Explain the use of CD (clusters of differentiation) markers for discrimination between lymphocytes?

Answer 42

the CD system is a way of identifying cell surface molecules present on leukocytes using monoclonal antibodies. each set of antibodies that recognise a particular molecule forms a cluster

Question 43

What are Surface molecules on cells of the immune system (and other cells) are named by?

Answer 43

Cluster of Differentiation (CD) nomenclature system

Question 44

Name the differnces between t and b lymphocytes?

Answer 44

T lymphocytes express CD3 and only recognise processed antigen presented on cell surfaces by specialised molecules: B lymphocytes express CD19 and CD20 and can recognise intact, free antigen.

Question 45

What are germinal centres and where are they located?

Answer 45

Germinal centers or germinal centres (GCs) are sites within secondary lymphoid organs – lymph nodes and the spleen[1] where mature B cells proliferate, differentiate, and mutate their antibody genes (through somatic hypermutationaimed at achieving higher affinity), and switch the class of their antibodies (for example from IgM to IgG) during a normal immune response to an infection. They develop dynamically after the activation of follicular B cells by T-dependent antigen.