immune function

Question 1

leukocytes in response to exercise

Answer 1

number in circulating blood increase, due to neutrophillia and lymphocytosis

Question 2

for brief exercise <1 hour what does leukocytosis depend on

Answer 2

dependant on intensity, not durbstion, brief exhaustive exercise doubling leukocyte number

Question 3

immediate leukocytosis

Answer 3

consists of neutrophils and lymphocytes

Question 4

delayed leukocytosis

Answer 4

some recovery in leukocyte number, second increase 2-4 hours later
sorry due to neutrophil number, lymphocyte levels below baseline
due to ingress of immature neutrophils that released from bone marrow

Question 5

innate immune system

Answer 5

naturally and immediately
first line of defence

Question 6

cells of innate immune system

Answer 6

phagocytes: neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages
natural killer cells
both responsive to exercise

Question 7

what percentage of neutrophils make up leukocytes

Answer 7

70

Question 8

life span of neutrophils

Answer 8

5-6 days in blood, 2-3 days in tissue

Question 9

functions of neutrophils

Answer 9

chemotaxis - circulation into tissue
phagocytosis - engulf particle
degranulation and oxidative respiratory burst - kills cell

Question 10

spontaneous neutrophil degranulation

Answer 10

not stimulated with LPS, exercise itself causes it

Question 11

bacterial stimulation of neutrophil degranulation

Answer 11

stimulated with LPS not influenced by exercise

Question 12

percentage of leukocytes made up by monocytes

Answer 12

5-15%

Question 13

lifespan of monocytes

Answer 13

1-3 days in flood

Question 14

function of monocytes

Answer 14

phagocytosis
release of cytokines - tell immune cells what to do
Antigen Presenting Cells

Question 15

dendritic cell

Answer 15

specialised antigen presenting cell

Question 16

what percentage of lymphocytes made up by NK cells

Answer 16

5-20%

Question 17

functions of NK cells

Answer 17

destroy virally infected, tumour cells spontaneously
release performin and activate apoptosis
most responsive immune cells to exercise, NK cell increases immediately following exercise, high number of adrenaline receptors on surface

Question 18

acute exercise NK cell and cytotoxic activity

Answer 18

increases in proportion to intensity and duration

Question 19

prolonged intense exercise NK cell and cytotoxic activity

Answer 19

decrease below baseline values for serval hours

Question 20

changed in NK cell number and function associated with what

Answer 20

hormonal changes, adrenaline, cortisol, growth hormone and beta-endorphins

Question 21

endurance training NK cell and cytotoxic activity

Answer 21

increase but may decrease with intensified training

Question 22

two main arms of acquired arm of immune system

Answer 22

cell mediated - replicate inside of cells, arms natural killer cells, t-cells
humoral - outside of cells, bacteria, activate lymphocytes

Question 23

total lymphocyte count in response to exercise

Answer 23

significant change

Question 24

causes decline in lymphocyte 2 hours post exercise

Answer 24

drops in natural killer and CD8 T cells

Question 25

what happens 4-8 hours post exercise, T cell number

Answer 25

change in CD4+ T cells increase in eosinophils role for T2 humoral immune response - airway inflammation

Question 26

T cell proliferation

Answer 26

cells are replictaed

Question 27

t cell proliferation exercise longer than 60 mins

Answer 27

suppressed, moderate to high intensity exercise

Question 28

Mucosal Immune System

Answer 28

largest immune network, defends respiratory, mouth, eyes, reproductive tract, intestine from infection first line of defende

Question 29

what makes up mucosal immune system

Answer 29

mucosal associated lymphoid tissues

Question 30

most collected mucosal secretion

Answer 30

saliva, secretory immunoglobulin SIGA being majorly effector function produced

Question 31

SIGA works

Answer 31

protects mucosal surfaces, pathogen adherence, virus netrolization, excretion of immune complexes

Question 32

acute exercise and SIGA

Answer 32

acute high intensity exercise, decrease in salivary SiGA cocnetration, recovers to resting levels within one hour of exercise completion however some studies report no change, could be down to how it’s collected and is reported

Question 33

collection for SIGA

Answer 33

stimulated, unstimulated, drool or swab

Question 34

reporting SIGA

Answer 34

concentration, secretion rate, absolute or relative

Question 35

SigA value of less than 40% of healthy value indicate

Answer 35

50% chance of being ill within 3 weeks