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Cell recognition and the immune response (pack 6) > immune response > Flashcards

immune response Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the process called by which bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission

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2
Q

how do viruses multiply?

A

enter the host cell and use the host cells DNA replication and protein production to produce new viral particles

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3
Q

the specific immune response

A

detection of pathogens or antigens that involves white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)

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4
Q

Where do B lymphocytes originate and mature

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

where do T lymphocytes originate and mature

A

originate in bone marrow
mature in thymus

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6
Q

what do these lymphocytes have on there cell surface membranes

A

specialised protein receptor molecules
complementary to the shape of one specific antigen

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7
Q

what is clonal selection

A

selection: lymphocyte with complementary protein receptors to those of the antigens is selected when the antigen binds to those receptors
cloning: these selected lymphocytes are then stimulated to divide by mitosis

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8
Q

the specific immune response is divided into

A

cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity
these responses occur at the same time

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9
Q

what do T lyphocytes respond to

A

an organisms own cells that have been infected by a pathogen

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10
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

T cell response

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11
Q

cell mediated immunity
1

A

phagocytes that have engulfed some of the pathogen and any infected body cells place some of the pathogens antigens on their cell surface
this is called antigen representation

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12
Q

cell mediated immunity
2

A

the specific helper T cell with the specific receptor for the antigen come in contact with these anti gen presenting cells and the receptor T H binds with the antigen
this is the selection of the correct T lymphocyte

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13
Q

cell mediated immunity
3

A

this selection activates and stimulates the selected T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis- to clone

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14
Q

cell mediated immunity
4

A

these cloned T H cells:
- form T memory cells
- stimulate phagocytosis
- stimulate B cells to divide and produce antibodies
- activate cytotoxic T cells

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15
Q

cell mediated immunity
5

A

activated cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell surface membrane

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16
Q

when holes are made in the cell surface membrane how does it affect the cell surface and what will happen to the cell

A

cell becomes permeable
allows water and solutes to enter and exit cell freely
cell will die

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17
Q

what type of pathogen is the cell mediated response most likely to be effective against and why

A

viruses as they replicate inside host cells

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18
Q

why might T cells respond to transplanted tissues from individuals of the same species

A

different individuals have different antigens on the surface of their cells
so tissues are recognised as non self

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19
Q

why might T cells be able to destroy body cells which have become cancerous

A

mutations in genes coding for (membrane) proteins will cause a different shape from a normal and be seen as non self

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20
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells

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21
Q

humour

A

another word for bodily fluids

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22
Q

how do B cells respond to infection

A

by producing antibodies

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23
Q

humoral immunity
1

A

an antigen enters the blood

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24
Q

humoral immunity
2

A

there will be one B cell that has a specific antibody on its surface whose shape fits the antigen
the shapes are complementary

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25
humoral immunity 3
the specific B cell takes in these antigens by endocytosis and presents them on the surface of the cell
26
humoral immunity 4
a specific helper T cell attaches and stimulates this B cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of B cells by releasing cytokines (small proteins)
27
humoral immunity 5
the cloned B cells develop/ differentiate into: plasma cells B memory cells
28
plasma cells
these cells produce and release/ secrete antibodies specific to the antigen into the blood plasma the production of these as well as B memory cells is the primary response
29
B memory cells
these enable an increased and more rapid response to a second exposure to infection this is called secondary response
30
Antibody structure
- Made up of 4 polypeptide chains (2 light and 2 heavy) - a constant region (same in all antibodies) - a variable region (specific shape due to its amino acid sequence- ensures antibody attaches to the correct antigen) - hinge region allows antibody to attach to more then one antigen
31
Where do antibodies bind to antigens?
Antigen binding site
32
What dowe call an antibody joined to an antigen?
Antibody-antigen complex
33
Agglutination of bacterial cells
One way antibodies can destroy pathogens
34
Primary response
- First time the immune system encounters a pathogen - Cloning of the B cell takes time as there is only very few specific to antigen to begin with - antibodies are secreted into the blood at a rate of around 2000 per second - antibodies attach to and destroy pathogens and any antigens they produce - plasma cells only survive a few days - memory cells survive long after primary response
35
Secondary response
- Many memory cells remaining in the blood increase the chance of B cent of the correct type meeting with the pathogen - response is much greater and more rapid than primary response
36
What type of cell is responsible for the primary response?
Plasma cells
37
Primary stages of vaccination
Phagocytosis Presentation of antigen clonal selection Complementary T and B cells Differentiation
38
What will the immune system produce as a result of vaccination
Antibodies Memory cells
39
Antigenic material used in vaccines may be
Whole, living organisms A harmless or attenuated version of the pathogenic organism A dead pathogen A preparation of antigens from a pathogen Some harmless toxin
40
Active immunity
Produced by stimulation of production of antibodies and memory cells by the body's immune system
41
Natural active immunity
Arises due to a response by the immune system to infection
42
Artificial active immunity
Arises due to a response by the immune system to vaccination
43
Passive immunity
Produced when antibodies are introduced from an outside source e.g. Maternal antibodies passed down to foetus Anti venom given to shake bite victims destroys the toxin
44
Why should people who are at risk of developing serious complications from flu have a flu vaccination every year?
Virus mutates frequently Can cause it to have different shaped antigens So will no longer be effective
45
Herd immunity
Large enough proportion of the population have been vaccinated then it becomes difficult for a pathogen to spread
46
Ethics of using vaccines
Use of animals Testing vaccines Should be made compulsory? Cost
47
Main problems with the study linking MMR vaccine with autism
Author was paid by legal aid board Sample size was very small More recent study has shown no link Journal now says they would not publish now it knows all of the facts
48
How can the public know when to trust research?
Peerview Source of funding Personal beliefs Media presentation New theories may challenge current beliefs
49
monoclonal antibodies
specific antibodies produced outside the body used to treat diseases medically
50
uses of monoclonal antibodies
targeting medication direct monoclonal antibody therapy indirect monoclonal antibody therapy medical diagnosis pregnancy testing
51
direct monoclonal antibody therapy
monoclonal antibody is produced that is specific to the antigen antibodies are given to patient and attach to the receptors on the cell surface membrane this blocks chemical signals that stimulate uncontrolled cell growth
52
indirect monoclonal antibody therapy
monoclonal antibodies produced that are specific to antigen radioactive or cytotoxic drug is attached to antibody and given to patient targets cancer cells thus limiting damage to normal cells
53
medical diagnosis
e.g. influenza hepatitis chlamydia certain cancers
54
pregnancy testing
1. urine of prego contains hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin 2. pego testing strips have antibodies to hCG linked to an enzyme bound in the strip 3. strip dipped in urine any hCG travels up strip and binds with the anti- hCG antibody 4. this complex travels further up the strip binds with an immobilised second anti- hCG antibody 5. enzyme is held in place to convert a colourless substrate into a coloured substance that appears as a band on the strip
55
ELISA meaning
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
56
ELISA
1. test sample antigens are attached to a well in test dish 2. unattached antigens are washed off 3. antibody to the antigen to be detected is added 4.excess antibody is washed off 5. a second antibody that only binds with the first and has an enzyme attached is added 6. excess antibody is washed off 7. colourless substrate to the enzyme is added- the enzyme acts on substrate to form a coloured product 8. the amount of antigen present is relative to the intensity of colour
57
ethics of using monoclonal antibodies
the use of animals have successfully treated cancer and diabetes use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis has resulted in some deaths using healthy vols may result in dangers
58
59
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
60
how is HIV transmitted?
unprotected sex with someone infected infected needles mother to child blood transfusion
61
where is the HIV virus found in the body
bodily fluids does not live long outside the body
62
HIV cure?
no cure for HIV treatments are available that enable people with the virus to live a long and healthy life
63
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome final stage of HIV infection
64
How HIV causes the symptoms of AIDS
HIV directly attacks cells such as T helper cells HIV infected cells die only after releasing replicated viruses which infect other T H cells over time the number of T H cells decreases
65
what is the effect of low levels of T H cells in terms of the other cells in immune response
phacocytosis will not be stimulated B cells are not stimulated to produce antibodies cytotoxic T cells are not stimulated to attack infected cells
66
AIDS infected individual in terms of response long term
will experience infections and other life threatening illnesses
67
what kills people with AIDS
one of more diseases
68
testing for HIV
HIV test may detect the presence of HIV antigens, antibodies or genetic material of HIV after original infection it takes 2 weeks to 6 months for antibodies to HIV to appear in blood one test is the ELISA test
69
structure of HIV
outside is lipid envelope with peg like attachment proteins core is a capsid which contains the genetic material- two single strands of RNA also in the capsid are enzymes required for HIV replication called reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease
70
the life cycle of HIV in a T H cell
1. virus particle bumps into a T helper cell that carries on its surface a receptor protein called CD4 2. the attachment glycoprotein on the surface of the HIV particle stick to the CD4 and this allows HIV to fuse with the cell membrane 3. contents of HIV capsid released into cell 4. HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA into single stranded DNA and then into double stranded DNA 5. this DNA is carried onto the cells nucleus through a nuclear pore and inserted into human DNA by the viral enzyme integrase 6. viral genes are copied alongside human genes to make copies of viral messenger RNA for the viral genome 7. this is transported outside the nucleus and used to produce viral proteins using human ribosomes 8. copies of the HIV genetic material and newly made HIV proteins and enzymes assemble at the cells surface and form new viral particles 9. these are released from the cells in a process known as budding 10. new HIV particles are now ready to infect other cells
71
why are antibiotics ineffective against viral diseases like AIDS
viruses are not cells and don't have cell walls antibiotics weaken bacterial cells wall so it no longer withstands expansion as water moves in by osmosis bacterial cell bursts and bacteria dies

Cell recognition and the immune response (pack 6) (2 decks)

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