Immune response

Question 1

What is a disease?

Answer 1

A change that impairs the function of an individual

Question 2

What is an infectious disease, provide examples

Answer 2

Can be spread from one person to another

E.g; Aids, Covid-19 and mad cow disease

Question 3

What are Non infectious diseases, provide examples

Answer 3

Cannot be spread to another person.

E.g; Diabetes, heart disease, obesity

Question 4

List the examples of cellular pathegons

Answer 4

Animals, fungi, protazoa and bacteria

Question 5

List examples of non cellular pathogens

Answer 5

Viruses, prions

Question 6

How can infectious diseases be transmitted?

Answer 6

Direct contact- sneezing and coughing
vectors- mosquitoes and rats
contaminated objects-salmonella and fungal infections
contaminated water-E.coli

Question 7

How can peaople get non infectious diseases

Answer 7

Diet, inheritance, environment

Question 8

What are pathegons?

Answer 8

Orginisms that cause disease

Question 9

What are antigens?

Answer 9

Substances that trigger immune response

Question 10

What are hosts?

Answer 10

Organisms living in relation with other organisms

Question 11

What are prions?

Answer 11

Non cellular pathegons- Abnormal and infectious proteins that convert normal proteins to prion proteins

Prion= protein and infection

Question 12

What are viruses?

Answer 12

Simple microorganisms that infect cells and may cause disease

Question 13

What are parasites?

Answer 13

Organisms that obtain resources from other organisms (hosts)

Question 14

What are endoparasites and exoparasites?

Answer 14

Endoparasites live in the body of the host

Exoparasites live outside of the body of the host

Question 15

What are some disease-causing bacteria?

Answer 15

Coccus- spherical bacterium
Bacillus- rod shaped bacterium
Spirochaete- spiral shaped bacterium

Question 16

What is a primary host?

Answer 16

An organism used for the adult stage

Question 17

What is a secondary host?

Answer 17

An organism used for larval stage

Question 18

What are protists (also protozoans)

Answer 18

Cellular pathegons that are common in tropical regions.
Malaria is cause by a parastitic protozoan

Question 19

Characteristics of bacteria

Answer 19

Cellular pathegons that form part of our microbiome and gut flora.

They defend us from invaders

Live all over our bodies

Destroyed by antibodies

Disease-causing bacteria are cellular pathogens

Question 20

what is fungi?

Answer 20

Many are parasites; feeding on plants and animals. They can live on the body without causing harm

E.g; moulds, athletes foot and thrush

Question 21

First line of defence

Answer 21

A non-specific immune response that prevents entry of pathogens

E.g; physical barriers: skin, cilia, nasal hairs
Chemical barriers: saliva, tears, stomach acid

Question 22

Second line of defence

Answer 22

Non-specific immune response that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) and histamine (increase in blood flow and white blood cells to the site of infection)

Question 23

What is phagocytosis

Answer 23

A part of the secon line of defence
Phagocytes are a speacial type of white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 24

Third line of defence

Answer 24

The lyphatic system- drains fluid from tissues and defends body against disease.

Can form memory cells

Question 25

What are T lymphocytes? (T cells)

Answer 25

Cell mediated, attacks infected cells but can also attack healthy cells. Assist phagocytes in their duties

Question 26

What are B lymphocytes? (B cells)

Answer 26

Humoral- produce antibodies specific to invader, bind to antigens, causing pathogens to clump together, easy for phagocytes to engulf them

Question 27

What is immunity?

Answer 27

The resistance to a disease; when exposed to antigens of a pathogen, your body makes specific antibodies that help fight it better next time

Question 28

What is active immunity?

Answer 28

Body makes antibodies to a specific antigen; memory cells produced

Question 29

What is passive immunity?

Answer 29

Immunity received from outside the body. E.g; vaccines, mothers milk; no memory cells produced. If you were exposed to it again, your body would react the same as the first

Question 30

What is immunisation?

Answer 30

On the second exposure to the antigen, the immune system can start producing antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantities

Question 31

How does the tetanus vaccine protect a person

Answer 31

It uses part of the toxin to make antibodies the block it from harming nerves and muscles

Question 32

Why is vaccination important for tetanus

Answer 32

Prevents paralysis and death, and memory cells allow quick response if exposed again

Question 33

What is herd immunity?

Answer 33

When enough people in a population are vaccinated and immune to a disease so it stops spreading easily, even to those who aren't immune