Immune System

Question 1

Bacteria VS. Virus

Answer 1

Bacteria:
- Living
- Binary Fission reproduction
- Large
- Localized infection
- No nucleus
- Single-cell (cell wall. no membrane-bound organelles)
- DNA
Virus:
- Non-living
-Use host to reproduce
- Very small
- Systemic infection (spread through the whole body)
- Protein coat
- No cell wall/most normal cell parts
- DNA or RNA

Question 2

Three Layers of Bacteria

Answer 2

1. Plasma Membrane (inner)
   - Phospholipid Bilayer
2. Cell Wall (middle)
   - Peptidoglycans (saccharides + peptides)
   - Target for antibiotics
3. Capsule* (outer)
   - Jelly-like material
   - Prevents phagocytosis

Question 3

Morphology of Bacteria

Answer 3

Cocci - round (single, pair, clumped, chain)
Bacilli - rod-shaped
Spirilla - Twisted/spiral
Vibrio - curved rod (“comma-shaped”)

Question 4

Gram Stains

Answer 4

+ve is light stain
-ve is dark stain

Question 5

Pathogen

Answer 5

An organism that causes disease.

Question 6

Steps to Recombinant DNA Tech

Answer 6

1. Gene Isolation
2. Plasmid Isolation
3. Plasmid Restriction
4. Ligation
5. Transformation
6. Culture