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MDLS Exam 5 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Immunity types

A

Innate
Resistance
Adaptive

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2
Q

Barriers to infection

A

Skin
Mucosal membranes

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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific resistance
Genetically encoded to recognize:
-Foreign substances (non-self)
-Common pathogenic features

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity specific resistance involves

A

Lymphocytes
Antibodies specific to the pathogen (B-cells)

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5
Q

Innate immune cells

A

Produced in bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream:

Phagocytic cells
Neutrophils-monocyte-macrophages

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6
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Engulf and kill microbes

Attachment
Ingestion
Digestion
Egestion

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7
Q

Inflammation

A

Thorn enters
Pulls cells to help protect
Phagocytosis of bacteria
RBC and other cells and fibers cause abcess

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8
Q

Inflammation function

A

Rapid
Consistent
Systemic activation can result in septic shock
Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage (RA)

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9
Q

Fever

A

Inhibit microbial growth
Encourage tissue growth
Heightening phagocytosis

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10
Q

Pyrogens

A

Affect hypothalamus
Elevating body temp
Fragments from pathogens
Cytokines produced by leukocytes

If temp rises above 105 can cause convulsions and death

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11
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messengers involved in innate immunity:

Inflammation
-recruits cells
-increases vascular permeability

Fever
-pyrogens

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12
Q

The complement system

A

Targets pathogens for destruction
Sequential activations of circulating plasma proteins

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13
Q

Resistance to viruses

A

Interferons
Natural killer cells

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14
Q

Interferons

A

Cytokines with antiviral activity

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15
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Recognize and kill
Tumor cells
Virus-infected cells

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16
Q

Innate immune response recap

A

-Rapid
-Not pathogen-specific (same response for all pathogens)
-consistent
-macrophages, neutophils, natural killer cells
-complement=bring more cells and put holes in pathogens membrane
-cytokines, interferons
-inflammation, fever
-septic shock

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17
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Takes time to develop
Specific (different response based on pathogen)
Efficacy improves with time (due to its memory)

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18
Q

Properties of adaptive immunity

A

Specificity (recognition of molecular structures)
Self-tolerance
Minimal damage to self
Memory

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19
Q

B cells

A

Produce antibody molecules
-proteins
-binds to antigenic determinants
-neutralize toxins
-block infections
-opsonize pathogen (makes them eaiser to eat)
-humoral response

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20
Q

Hellper T cells

A

-participate in B cell maturation
-Regulate inflammatory response

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21
Q

Lymphocytes

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A

Produced in bone marrow
Mature in Primary lymphoid tissues:
T cells mature in THYMUS
B cells mature in BONE MARROW

Mature lymphocytes circulate in secondary lymphoid tissue until they encounter an antigen they recognize

22
Q

How lymphocytes work

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A

Use cell-surface receptors to detect non-self (antigens)
Each have an antigen receptor

23
Q

Recpetor specificity

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A

Created during development

Somatic gene recombination:
cell puts together molecule to create own antigen receptor

24
Q

Clonal selection

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A
  1. B cells binds antigen
  2. T cell activates B cell
  3. proliferation: create more cells
  4. differentiation: can turn into plasma or memory cells
25
Clonal selection contribution
Contributes to both immune function and control
26
Humoral immunity
Results in secretion of immunoglobulin molecules or antibody Antibody is produced by B cells with help from T cells
27
IgM
The first to appear in circulation after B cell stimulation (too big to get out of bloodstream and short-lived)
28
IgG
(Gamma globulin) The major circulating antibody Provides immunity to the fetus and newborn
29
IgA
Provides resistance in the resp and GI tract *found in colostrum (first milk mom produce after birth)
30
IgE
Role in allergic reactions
31
IgD
A cell surface receptor on B cells
32
Viral inhibition
Antibody bind to viral surface to prevent viral attachment to other cells
33
Neutralization
Antibodies called antitoxins combine and neutralize toxins and prevent them from attaching
34
Opsonization
Antibodies called opsonins coat baterical cells Prevents them from attaching
35
How memory cells work
Primary antibody response IgG is high and so is Igm Secondary IgG increases and its faster response because of antibodies and memory. Igm decrease.
36
Difference in B and T cells recognizing antigens
B: recognize native protein antigens and bind to intact molecules T: recognize degraded fragments of pathogen proteins which result from antigen processing by phagocytic cells
37
T cell receptor recognizing antigen
1. Pathogen is taken apart 2. Pathogen proteins are unfolded and cut into small pieces 3. Peptides bind to MHC and push it to surface 4. T cell bind to peptide
38
MHC (proteins)
Tissue typing proteins On cell surface Processed antigen peptides attach to MHC so T cells can recognize them.
39
CD8 T cell
Recognize killer cell Bind to: MHC class I
40
CD4 T cell
Recognize helper cell Bind to: MHC class II
41
What happens when immune function fails
Immunodeficiency
42
Types of immunodeficiency
Congenital Acquired Eg. -HIV infects and kill Cd4 T cells -Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses decrease
43
Autoimmunity
Misdirected immune responses can damage self tissue Eg. childhood viral infection of URT reaction cause T cells attack and kill pancreatic B cells
44
Hypersensitivity
Immune reaction to harmless substances may cause hypersensitivity Eg. inhaling pollen produce symptoms of a resp infection
45
what do immune response and memory result from?
selection of responsive clones
46
how do clonal selection contribute to preventing autoimmunity?
Self-reactive clones are selected for deletion during development resulting in self-tolerance
47
three outcomes of the complement system
Enhanced phagocytosis Recruitment of phagocytic cells Membrane lysis
48
Cytotoxic (killer) t cells
-kill infected cells -regulatory t cells -cell mediated immunity
49
adaptive immune response cells
Lyphocytes Cytokines Antibodies Cytotoxicity
50
what initiates the complementary system?
Specific antibody Pathogen cell surface characteristics

MDLS Exam 5 (6 decks)

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