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MDLS Exam 5 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity types

A

Innate
Resistance
Adaptive

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2
Q

Barriers to infection

A

Skin
Mucosal membranes

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3
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific resistance
Genetically encoded to recognize:
-Foreign substances (non-self)
-Common pathogenic features

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity specific resistance involves

A

Lymphocytes
Antibodies specific to the pathogen (B-cells)

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5
Q

Innate immune cells

A

Produced in bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream:

Phagocytic cells
Neutrophils-monocyte-macrophages

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6
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Engulf and kill microbes

Attachment
Ingestion
Digestion
Egestion

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7
Q

Inflammation

A

Thorn enters
Pulls cells to help protect
Phagocytosis of bacteria
RBC and other cells and fibers cause abcess

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8
Q

Inflammation function

A

Rapid
Consistent
Systemic activation can result in septic shock
Chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage (RA)

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9
Q

Fever

A

Inhibit microbial growth
Encourage tissue growth
Heightening phagocytosis

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10
Q

Pyrogens

A

Affect hypothalamus
Elevating body temp
Fragments from pathogens
Cytokines produced by leukocytes

If temp rises above 105 can cause convulsions and death

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11
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messengers involved in innate immunity:

Inflammation
-recruits cells
-increases vascular permeability

Fever
-pyrogens

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12
Q

The complement system

A

Targets pathogens for destruction
Sequential activations of circulating plasma proteins

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13
Q

Resistance to viruses

A

Interferons
Natural killer cells

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14
Q

Interferons

A

Cytokines with antiviral activity

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15
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Recognize and kill
Tumor cells
Virus-infected cells

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16
Q

Innate immune response recap

A

-Rapid
-Not pathogen-specific (same response for all pathogens)
-consistent
-macrophages, neutophils, natural killer cells
-complement=bring more cells and put holes in pathogens membrane
-cytokines, interferons
-inflammation, fever
-septic shock

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17
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Takes time to develop
Specific (different response based on pathogen)
Efficacy improves with time (due to its memory)

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18
Q

Properties of adaptive immunity

A

Specificity (recognition of molecular structures)
Self-tolerance
Minimal damage to self
Memory

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19
Q

B cells

A

Produce antibody molecules
-proteins
-binds to antigenic determinants
-neutralize toxins
-block infections
-opsonize pathogen (makes them eaiser to eat)
-humoral response

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20
Q

Hellper T cells

A

-participate in B cell maturation
-Regulate inflammatory response

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21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Produced in bone marrow
Mature in Primary lymphoid tissues:
T cells mature in THYMUS
B cells mature in BONE MARROW

Mature lymphocytes circulate in secondary lymphoid tissue until they encounter an antigen they recognize

22
Q

How lymphocytes work

A

Use cell-surface receptors to detect non-self (antigens)
Each have an antigen receptor

23
Q

Recpetor specificity

A

Created during development

Somatic gene recombination:
cell puts together molecule to create own antigen receptor

24
Q

Clonal selection

A
  1. B cells binds antigen
  2. T cell activates B cell
  3. proliferation: create more cells
  4. differentiation: can turn into plasma or memory cells
25
Q

Clonal selection contribution

A

Contributes to both immune function and control

26
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Results in secretion of immunoglobulin molecules or antibody

Antibody is produced by B cells with help from T cells

27
Q

IgM

A

The first to appear in circulation after B cell stimulation (too big to get out of bloodstream and short-lived)

28
Q

IgG

A

(Gamma globulin)
The major circulating antibody
Provides immunity to the fetus and newborn

29
Q

IgA

A

Provides resistance in the resp and GI tract
*found in colostrum (first milk mom produce after birth)

30
Q

IgE

A

Role in allergic reactions

31
Q

IgD

A

A cell surface receptor on B cells

32
Q

Viral inhibition

A

Antibody bind to viral surface to prevent viral attachment to other cells

33
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies called antitoxins combine and neutralize toxins and prevent them from attaching

34
Q

Opsonization

A

Antibodies called opsonins coat baterical cells
Prevents them from attaching

35
Q

How memory cells work

A

Primary antibody response IgG is high and so is Igm

Secondary IgG increases and its faster response because of antibodies and memory. Igm decrease.

36
Q

Difference in B and T cells recognizing antigens

A

B: recognize native protein antigens and bind to intact molecules

T: recognize degraded fragments of pathogen proteins which result from antigen processing by phagocytic cells

37
Q

T cell receptor recognizing antigen

A
  1. Pathogen is taken apart
  2. Pathogen proteins are unfolded and cut into small pieces
  3. Peptides bind to MHC and push it to surface
  4. T cell bind to peptide
38
Q

MHC (proteins)

A

Tissue typing proteins

On cell surface

Processed antigen peptides attach to MHC so T cells can recognize them.

39
Q

CD8 T cell

A

Recognize killer cell

Bind to:
MHC class I

40
Q

CD4 T cell

A

Recognize helper cell

Bind to:
MHC class II

41
Q

What happens when immune function fails

A

Immunodeficiency

42
Q

Types of immunodeficiency

A

Congenital
Acquired

Eg.
-HIV infects and kill Cd4 T cells
-Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses decrease

43
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Misdirected immune responses can damage self tissue

Eg. childhood viral infection of URT reaction cause T cells attack and kill pancreatic B cells

44
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Immune reaction to harmless substances may cause hypersensitivity

Eg. inhaling pollen produce symptoms of a resp infection

45
Q

what do immune response and memory result from?

A

selection of responsive clones

46
Q

how do clonal selection contribute to preventing autoimmunity?

A

Self-reactive clones are selected for deletion during development resulting in self-tolerance

47
Q

three outcomes of the complement system

A

Enhanced phagocytosis
Recruitment of phagocytic cells
Membrane lysis

48
Q

Cytotoxic (killer) t cells

A

-kill infected cells
-regulatory t cells
-cell mediated immunity

49
Q

adaptive immune response cells

A

Lyphocytes
Cytokines
Antibodies
Cytotoxicity

50
Q

what initiates the complementary system?

A

Specific antibody
Pathogen cell surface characteristics

MDLS Exam 5 (6 decks)

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