immune system Flashcards
zoonosis
a disease that can be passed to humans from animals
antigens in blood
o antigen is always present. a and/or b is added, determines blood type and antibody production
histamine
secreted in resonse to local infection, allergies
stages of antibody production
macrophage partially ingests antigen. antigen actiavtes helper t cells. helper t cells activate b cells. b cells starts to divide by mitosis, becoming plasma cells. memory cells are formed at teh same time as activated t helper and b cells, persist for longer
vaccination
contains a wekened or killed form of antigen to trigger an immune reaction and the creation of memory cells.
jenner
small pox vaccination, tested on children
production of monoclonal antibodies
antigen injected into an animal. plasma cells produced fuse with tumour cells, producing a hybridoma cell forming clones.
use of monoclonal antibodies
pregnancy tests contain monoclonal antibodie to which hCG bind, causing teh band to change color
pathogen
organism or virus that causes disease
types of white blood cells
phagocytes and lymphocytes
non-specific immunity
phagocyte ingests pathogens and digests it with enzymes within the cell
blood clotting
12 step cascade. prothrombin to thrombin. thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) to fibrin (insoluble)
thrombosis
fomation of plaque in arteries, therby blocking blood flow.
fibrillation
uncoordinated heart contractions due to heart attacks
HIV and the immune system
infects t helper cells, prevents an immune reaction. AIDS = when no t helper cells are left
